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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 14495-1 First edition 1999-1 2-01 Corrected and reprinted 2000-09-1 5 Information technology - Lossless and near-I oss less eo m press i on of continuous-tone still images: Baseline Technologies de linformation - Compression lossless proche de lossless des images fixes
2、 ton continu: Ligne de base Reference number ISOIEC 14495-1 1 1 999(E) Q ISOIEC 1999 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking per
3、mitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/I EC 14495-1 : 1 999( E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed
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6、e inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. 0 ISOAEC 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no patt of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in wri
7、ting from either IS0 at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. IS0 copyright office Case postale 56 CH-121 1 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 O1 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii 0 ISOAEC 1999 -All rights reserved Copyr
8、ight International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 14495-1 :1999(E) CONTENTS Page 1 1 1 1 2 2 4
9、 5 7 7 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 16 16 16 18 19 21 22 23 26 28 28 28 29 30 31 31 31 37 37 1 Scope 2 Normative references 2.1 Identical Recommendations I International Standards . 2.2 Additional references Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and conventions 3 3.1 Definitions . 3.2 Abbrev
10、iations 3.3 Symbols . 4 General description . 4.1 Purpose 4.2 Coding principles 4.3 Source image . 4.4 Encoding process . 4.5 Decoding process 4.6 4.7 Compressed image data . 4.8 Interchange format Coding of multiple component images 5 Interchange format requirements 6 Encoder requirements . 7 Decod
11、er requirements . 8 Conformance testing . 8.1 Purpose 8.2 Encoder conformance tests 8.3 Decoder conformance tests . Annex A - Encoding procedures for a single component . A.l Coding parameters and compressed image data A.2 Initialisations and conventions A.3 Context determination . A.4 Prediction AS
12、 Prediction error encoding A.6 Update variables A.7 Run mode A.8 Flow of encoding procedures Annex B - Multi-component images . B.l Introduction . B .2 Line interleaved mode . B.3 Sample interleaved mode B.4 Minimum Coded Unit (MCU) . Annex C - Compressed data format . General aspects of the compres
13、sed data format specification . C.l C.2 C.3 C.4 General JPEG-LS coding syntax . Abbreviated format for compressed image data Abbreviated format for table-specification data. . 0 ISOAEC 1999 -All rights reserved iii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
14、e with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/I EC 14495-1 : 1 999( E) Annex D . Control procedures Control procedure for encoding an image . Control procedure for encoding a
15、 frame . D.l D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 Control procedure for encoding a scan Control procedure for encoding a restart interval Control procedure for encoding a Minimum Coded Unit (MCU) . Annex E - Conformance Tests E.l Test images Annex F - Decoding procedures . F.l Process flow Annex G - Description of the c
16、oding process . G.l Context modelling . G.2 Encoding in the regular coding mode G.3 Encoding in the run mode . Annex H - Examples and guidelines . H.l Introduction . H.2 Example of how bits are output in the bit stream H.3 Detailed coding example . H.4 Example image data H.5 Use of SPIFF with JPEG-L
17、S compressed image da ta . Annex I - Bibliography . Annex J - Patents Included files and programs: . JPEG-LS reference implementation . . JPEG-LS conformance testing image set Auxiliary programs and examples . Page 38 38 38 38 40 40 42 42 45 45 47 47 48 50 51 51 51 51 57 63 65 66 iv 0 ISOAEC 1999 -A
18、ll rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 14495-1 :I 999(E) Fo
19、reword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of IS0 or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technica
20、l committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. IS0 and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC, also take part i
21、n the work. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISOAEC Directives, Part 3. In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISOAEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee
22、are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISOAEC 14495 may be the subject of patent rights other than
23、 those identified in annex J. IS0 and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any and all such patent rights. International Standard ISOAEC 14495-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISOAEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and h
24、ypermedia information, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-T Recommendation T.87. ISO/I EC 14495 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology - Lossless and near- lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: - Part I: Baseli
25、ne - Part 2: Extensions Annexes A to E form a normative part of this part of ISOAEC 14495. Annexes F to J are for information only. Annex J is only applicable to ISOAEC 14495-1. 0 ISOAEC 1999 -All rights reserved V Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
26、e with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/
27、9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 14495-1 : 1999 (E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - LOSSLESS AND NEAR-LOSSLESS COMPRESSION OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES - BASELINE 1
28、 Scope This Recommendation I International Standard defines a set of lossless (bit-preserving) and nearly lossless (where the error for each reconstructed sample is bounded by a pre-defined value) compression methods for coding continuous- tone, gray-scale, or colour digital still images. This Recom
29、mendation I International Standard - - - - specifies a process for converting source image data to compressed image data; specifies processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data; specifies coded representations for compressed image data; provides guidance on how to imple
30、ment these processes in practice. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through references in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation I International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
31、 valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation I International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and I
32、S0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations I International Standards - CCITT Recommendation T.81 (1992) I ISOAEC 10918-1:1994, I
33、nformation technology - Digital - ITU-T Recommendation T.83 (1994) I ISOAEC 10918-2:1995, Information technology - Digital - ITU-T Recommendation T.84 (1996)l ISOAEC 10918-3:1997, Information technology - Digital compression and coding o f continuous-tone still images: Extensions. ITU-T Recommendati
34、on T.84/Amd.11 I ISOAEC 10918-3/Amd.11, Information technology - Digital compression and coding o f continuous-tone still images: Extensions -Amendment 1. compression and coding o f continuous-tone still images: Requirements and guidelines. compression and coding o f continuous-tone still images: Co
35、mpliance testing. - 2.2 Additional references - - ISOAEC 646:1991, Information technology - IS0 7-bit coded character set for information interchange. IS0 5807: 1985, Information processing - Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and sy
36、stem resources charts. ISOAEC 9899: 1990, Programming languages - C. - Currently at the stage of draft. ITU-T Rec. T.87 (1998 E) 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007
37、 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 14495-1 : 1999 (E) 3 Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and conventions 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1.1 L i 1, floor:
38、Indicates the largest integer not exceeding i. 3.1.2 r i 1 , ceiling: Indicates the smallest integer not exceeded by i. 3.1.3 abs(i): The absolute value of i : -i if i O, i otherwise. 3.1.4 abbreviated format: A representation of compressed image data which is missing some or all of the mapping tabl
39、e specifications required for decoding, or a representation of mapping tables without frame headers, scan headers, and coded image data. 3.1.5 established for a particular application. 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 which have been previously coded according to a pre-specified scan sequence. 3.1.9 3.1.10 coding:
40、 Encoding or decoding. 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14 3.1.15 3.1.16 3.1.17 International Standard. 3.1.18 3.1.19 3.1.20 3.1.21 3.1.22 3.1.23 image. 3.1.24 3.1.25 3.1.26 3.1.27 are coded at the beginning of a frame. 3.1.28 3.1.29 difference separately. application environment: The standards for data rep
41、resentation, communication, or storage, which have been bias: Deviation from zero of accumulated prediction errors. bit stream: Partially encoded or decoded sequence of bits. causal template: A set of fixed relative positions of samples (with respect to the current sample being coded) coded image da
42、ta segment: The coded representation of one restart interval. coding parameters: Integers used to specify the encoding process. (coding) process: A general term for referring to an encoding process, a decoding process, or both. colour image: A continuous-tone image that has more thau one component.
43、columns: Samples per line in a component. component: One of the two-dimensional arrays which comprise an image. compressed data: Either compressed image data or parameter specification data or both. compressed image (data): A coded representation of an image, as specified in this Recommendation I co
44、mpression: Reduction in the number of bits used to represent source image data. context: Function of samples in the causal template used to determine the coding of the present sample. context modelling: Procedure estimating a probability distribution of prediction error from the context. continuous-
45、tone image: An image whose components have more than one bit per sample. decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process and a sample transformation process. decoding process: A process which takes as its input compressed image data and outputs a reconstructed encoder: An embodiment of an encoding proc
46、ess. encoding process: A process which takes as its input a source image and outputs compressed image data. frame: A group of one or more scans through the data of one or more of the components in an image. frame header: A marker segment that contains a start-of-frame marker and associated frame par
47、ameters that Golomb coding: A special case of Huffman coding matched to geometric distributions. (local) gradient: Either a vector of differences between values of samples in the causal template, or each 2 ITU-T Rec. T.87 (1998 E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
48、IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/22/2007 21:38:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 14495-1 : 1999 (E) Length of header, 32 bytes Identifies SPIFF Table H.l- Example of minimum SPIFF file format X0020 X535049464600 Parameter Version number (2.0) Profile ID (not specified) I MN X0200 XOO - IDENT Number of components (3) Height (2048) + HEIGHT X03 x00000800 I WIDTH Compression type