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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 14851:1999 TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 Published 2005-05-01 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION M W A P O f l H A R OPTAHHIHR no CTAHflAPTHIAUHH ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
2、in an aqueous medium - Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 valuation de la biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques en milieu aqueux - Mthode par dtermination de la demande en oxygne dans un respiromtre ferm RECTIFICATIF TECHNIQUE I Tech
3、nical Corrigendum 1 to IS0 14851:1999 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOTC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties. Page 7, Subclause 8.3 In line 2 of the Note following the second paragraph, replace “1 0-6 by “I O3 to 106”. Page 9, Subclause 9.1 In the last line of the pa
4、ge (definition of prc), replace “in milligrams per litre” at the end of the line by “in grams per litre”. ICs 83.080.01 Ref. No. IS0 14851:1999/Cor.l:2005(E) O IS0 2005 -All rights reserved Published in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
5、e with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 14851 First edition 1999-05-1 5 Corrected version 2003-07-15 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodeg
6、radability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer valuation de ia biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques en milieu aqueux - Mthode par dtermination de la demande en oxygne dans un respiromtre ferm Copyright Internation
7、al Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 1 4851 : 1 999( E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embe
8、dded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy. this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of
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10、were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by IS0 member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. o IS0 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise sp
11、ecified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IS0 at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. 1SO copyright office
12、 Case postale 56 CH-121 1 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 O 1 11 Fax +41227490947 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale,
13、 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- o IS0 IS0 14851 : 1 999( E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International
14、 Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, a
15、lso take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Interna
16、tional Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 14851 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOTTC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties. Annexes A to G of this International Standard are for information only. T
17、his corrected version of IS0 14851 :1999 incorporates the following corrections: - in Clause 2, the year of publication of IS0 9408 has been inserted and the footnote deleted; - the remaining footnotes have been renumbered; - in Annex C, errors in the key to Figure C.l have been corrected and minor
18、improvements made to the figure itself; - in the Bibliography, references l and 2 have been updated. iii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproducti
19、on or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 14851:1999(E) Introduction With the increasing use of plastics, their recovery and disposal have become a major issue. As a first priority, recovery should be promoted. Complete recovery of plastics, however, is difficult. For example, pl
20、astic litter, which comes mainly from consumers, is difficult to recover completely. Additional examples of plastics which are difficult to recover are fishing tackle, agricultural mulches and water-soluble polymers. These plastic materials tend to leak from closed waste-management cycles into the e
21、nvironment. Biodegradable plastics are now emerging as one of the options available to solve such environmental problems. Plastic materials, such as products or packaging, which are sent to composting facilities should be potentially biodegradable. Therefore it is very important to determine the pot
22、ential biodegradability of such materials and to obtain an indication of their biodegradability in natural environments. iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:
23、07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 14851 :1999( E) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer WARNING - Se
24、wage, activated sludge, soil and compost may contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore appropriate precautions should be taken when handling them. Toxic test compounds and those whose properties are unknown should be handled with care. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method
25、, by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer, for the determination of the degree of aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials, including those containing formulation additives. The test material is exposed in an aqueous medium under laboratory conditions to an inoculum from activat
26、ed sludge, compost or soil. If an unadapted activated sludge is used as the inoculum, the test simulates the biodegradation processes which occur in a natural aqueous environment; if a mixed or pre-exposed inoculum is used, the method can be used to investigate the potential biodegradability of a te
27、st material. The conditions used in this international Standard do not necessarily correspond to the optimum conditions allowing maximum biodegradation to occur, but the standard is designed to determine the potential biodegradability of plastic materials or give an indication of their biodegradabil
28、ity in natural environments. The method enables the assessment of the biodegradability to be improved by calculating a carbon balance (optional, see annex E). The method applies to the following materials: - Natural and/or synthetic polymers, copolymers or mixtures thereof. - Plastic materials which
29、 contain additives such as plasticizers, colorants or other compounds. - Water-soluble polymers. - Materials which, under the test conditions, do not inhibit the microorganisms present in the inoculum. Inhibitory effects can be determined using an inhibition control or by another appropriate method
30、(see e.g. IS0 819213). If the test material is inhibitory to the inoculum, a lower test concentration, another inoculum or a pre-exposed inoculum can be used. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this intern
31、ational Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.
32、Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking
33、permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 14851:1999(E) o IS0 IS0 8245:1999, Water quality - Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). IS0 9408: 1999, Water quality - Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in a
34、queous medium by determination of oxygen demand in a closed respirometer. IS0 10634:1995, Water quality - Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium. ISOTTR 15462:1997, Water qualit
35、y - Selection of tests for biodegradability. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 ultimate aerobic biodegradation the breakdown of an organic compound by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and mineral sal
36、ts of any other elements present (mineralization) plus new biomass 3.2 activated sludge biomass produced in the aerobic treatment of waste water by the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen 3.3 concentration of suspended solids in an activated sludge the amo
37、unt of solids obtained by filtration or centrifugation of a known volume of activated sludge and drying at about 105 “C to constant mass 3.4 biochemical oxygen demand BOD the mass concentration of the dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the aerobic biological oxidation of a chemi
38、cal compound or organic matter in water, expressed as milligrams of oxygen uptake per milligram or gram of test compound 3.5 theoretical oxygen demand ThOD the theoretical maximum amount of oxygen required to oxidize a chemical compound completely, calculated from the molecular formula, expressed as
39、 milligrams of oxygen uptake per milligram or gram of test compound 3.6 total organic carbon TOC all the carbon present in organic matter which is dissolved or suspended in water 3.7 dissolved organic carbon DOC that part of the organic carbon in water which cannot be removed by specified phase sepa
40、ration, for example by centrifugation at 40 O00 m=s2 for 15 min or by membrane filtration using membranes with pores of 0,2 pm to 0,45 pm diameter 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for
41、Resale, 04/16/2007 21:28:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- o IS0 IS0 14851:1999(E) 3.8 lag phase the time, measured in days, from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degrading microorganisms is achieved and the degree of biodegradat
42、ion of a chemical compound or organic matter has increased to about 10 % of the-maximum level of biodegradation 3.9 maximum level of biodegradation the degree of biodegradation, measured in per cent, of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test, above which no further biodegradation takes plac
43、e during the test 3.10 biodegradation phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until about 90% of the maximum level of biodegradation has been reached 3.1 1 plateau phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the biodegradation phase until the end of a test 3.1
44、2 pre-exposure the pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, with the aim of enhancing the ability of the inoculum to biodegrade the test material by adaptation and/or selection of the microorganisms 3.13 pre-conditioning the pre-incubation
45、of an inoculum under the conditions of the subsequent test in the absence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, with the aim of improving the test by acclimatization of the microorganisms to the test conditions 4 Principle The biodegradability of a plastic material is determined usi
46、ng aerobic microorganisms in an aqueous system. The test mixture contains an inorganic medium, the organic test material (the sole source of carbon and energy) with a concentration between 100 mg/i and 2 O00 mg/l of organic carbon, and activated sludge or a suspension of active soil or compost as th
47、e inoculum. The mixture is stirred in closed flasks in a respirometer for a period not exceeding 6 months. The carbon dioxide evolved is absorbed in a suitable absorber in the headspace of the flasks. The consumption of oxygen (BOD) is determined, for example by measuring the amount of oxygen requir
48、ed to maintain a constant volume of gas in the respirometer flasks, or by measuring the change in volume or pressure (or a combination of the two) either automatically or manually. An example of a respirometer is given in annex C. Alternatively, the two-phase closed-bottle version described in IS0 107084 may be used (see annex D). The level of biodegradation is determined by comparing the BOD with the theoretical amount (ThOD) and expressed in per cent. The influence of possible nitrification processes on the BOD have to be considered. The test resul