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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14855-2 First edition 2007-08-15 Reference number ISO 14855-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of
2、 carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test Dtermination de la biodgradabilit arobique ultime des matriaux plastiques dans des conditions contrles de compostage Mthode par analyse du dioxyde de carbone libr Partie 2: Mesurage gravimtrique du dioxyde de carbone libr lors dun essai de laboratoi
3、re Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) ii ISO 2007 All
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7、en below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2007 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
8、 address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided b
9、y IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Contents Page 1Scope 1 2Normative references 1 3Terms
10、 and definitions 2 4Principle 3 5Reagents . 3 6Apparatus . 4 7Procedure . 5 8Calculation . 8 9Expression and interpretation of results . 9 10Validity of results . 9 11Test report 9 Annex A (informative) Basic principle of the test 10 Annex B (informative) Example of an apparatus using an electricall
11、y heated composting vessel 12 Annex C (informative) Derivation of the equation used to calculate the degree of biodegradation from the amount of carbon dioxide evolved . 14 Bibliography . 15 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS
12、Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of n
13、ational standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inter
14、national organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the
15、 rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by
16、 at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14855-2 was prepared by Technical Committee I
17、SO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical- chemical properties. ISO 14855 consists of the following parts, under the general title Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide: Pa
18、rt 1: General method Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo r
19、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved v Introduction Management of plastics waste is a serious problem in the world. Plastics recovery technologies include material recovery (mechanical recycling, chemical or feedstock rec
20、ycling, and biological or organic recycling) and energy recovery (heat, steam or electricity as a substitute for fossil fuels or other fuel resources). The use of biodegradable plastics is one valuable recovery option (biological or organic recycling). Several ISO standards for determining the ultim
21、ate aerobic/anaerobic biodegradability of plastic materials have been published. In particular, ISO 14855-1 is a common test method that measures the amount of carbon dioxide evolved using methods such as continuous infrared analysis, gas chromatography or titration. Compared with ISO 14855-1, the a
22、mounts of compost inoculum and test sample used in this part of ISO 14855 are one-tenth the size. In order to ensure the activity of the compost inoculum, inert material that gives the mixture the same texture as soil is mixed into the inoculum. The carbon dioxide evolved from the test vessel is det
23、ermined by absorbing it in a carbon dioxide trap and carrying out gravimetric analysis of the absorbent. The method described in this part of ISO 14855, which uses a closed system to capture the carbon dioxide evolved, can also be used to obtain valuable information, by means of isotopic-labelling s
24、tudies, on the way in which the molecular structure of co-polymers degrades. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking per
25、mitted without license from IHS -,-,- . vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,
26、-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 14855-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a
27、laboratory-scale test WARNING Sewage, activated sludge, soil and compost may contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore appropriate precautions should be taken when handling them. Toxic test compounds and those whose properties are unknown should be handled with care. 1Scope This part of IS
28、O 14855 specifies a method for determining the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions by gravimetric measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide evolved. The method is designed to yield an optimum rate of biodegradation by adjusting the humidity
29、, aeration and temperature of the composting vessel. The method applies to the following materials: natural and/or synthetic polymers and copolymers, and mixtures of these; plastic materials that contain additives such as plasticizers or colorants; water-soluble polymers; materials that, under the t
30、est conditions, do not inhibit the activity of micro-organisms present in the inoculum. If the test material inhibits micro-organisms in the inoculum, another type of mature compost or pre-exposure compost can be used. 2Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for th
31、e application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5663, Water quality Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen Method after mineralization with selenium ISO 824
32、5, Water quality Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ISO 11721-1, Textiles Determination of resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms Soil burial test Part 1: Assessment of rot-retardant finishing ISO 14855-1, Determi
33、nation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Part 1: General method Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/11111
34、11001, User=Spiller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 compost
35、 organic soil conditioner obtained by biodegradation of a mixture principally consisting of various vegetable residues, occasionally with other organic material and having a limited mineral content 3.2 composting aerobic process designed to produce compost 3.3 total dry solids amount of solids obtai
36、ned by taking a known volume of test material or compost and drying at about to constant mass 3.4 volatile solids amount of solids obtained by subtracting the residue of a known volume of test material or compost after incineration at about from the total dry solids of the same sample NOTEThe volati
37、le-solids content is an indication of the amount of organic matter present. 3.5 ultimate aerobic biodegradation breakdown of an organic compound by micro-organisms in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other elements present (mineralization) plus new biomass 3
38、.6 theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxide ThCO2 maximum theoretical amount of carbon dioxide evolved after completely oxidizing a chemical compound, calculated from the molecular formula and expressed as milligrams of carbon dioxide evolved per milligram or gram of test compound 3.7 lag phase
39、time, measured in days, from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degradation micro- organisms is achieved and the degree of biodegradation of a chemical compound or organic matter has increased to about of the maximum level of biodegradation 3.8 maximum level of biodegradati
40、on degree of biodegradation, measured as a percentage, of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test, above which no further biodegradation takes place during the test 3.9 biodegradation phase time, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until about of the maximum level of bi
41、odegradation has been reached 3.10 plateau phase time, measured in days, from the end of the biodegradation phase until the end of the test 105 C 550 C 10 % 90 % Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Sp
42、iller, Kevin Not for Resale, 10/07/2007 22:07:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14855-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 3.11 pre-exposure pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, with th
43、e aim of enhancing the ability of the inoculum to biodegrade the test material by adaptation and/or selection of the micro-organisms 3.12 pre-conditioning pre-incubation of an inoculum under the conditions of the subsequent test in the absence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, w
44、ith the aim of improving the test by acclimatization of the micro- organisms to the test conditions 3.13 water-holding capacity WHC mass of water that evaporates from soil saturated with water when the soil is dried to constant mass at , divided by the dry mass of the soil 4Principle This method is
45、designed to yield the optimum rate of biodegradation of a plastic material in mature compost by controlling the humidity, aeration ratio and temperature in the composting vessel. It also aims to determine the ultimate biodegradability of the test material by using a small-scale reactor. The degradat
46、ion rate is periodically measured by determining the mass of the evolved carbon dioxide using an absorption column filled with soda lime and soda talc on an electronic balance. The test material is mixed with an inoculum derived from mature compost and with an inert material such as sea sand. The se
47、a sand plays an active part by acting as a holding body for humidity and micro-organisms. Examples of suitable test arrangements are presented in Annexes A and B. The amount of carbon dioxide evolved is measured at intervals on an electronic balance and the carbon dioxide content is determined using
48、 the following method. The derivation of the equation used to calculate the degree of biodegradation from the amount of carbon dioxide evolved is given in Annex C. In this method, the degree of biodegradation, expressed as a percentage, is calculated by comparing the amount of carbon dioxide evolved with the theoretical amount (ThCO2). The test is terminated when the plateau phase of biodegradation has been attained. The standard time for termi