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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15860 First edition 2006-08-01 Reference number ISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 Space systems Gas contamination Measurement methods for field tests Systmes spatiaux Contamination des gaz Mthodes de mesure pour essais hors laboratoire ISO 15860:2006(E) ii ISO 2006 All rights res
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5、ISO 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in t
6、he country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page 1Scope 1 2Normative references 1 3Terms,
7、definitions and abbreviations 1 4Requirements . 2 4.1General requirements . 2 4.2Safety requirements 2 4.3Measurement methods . 3 4.4Sampling for analysis . 8 Annex A (informative) Recommended instruments and equipment 9 Annex B (informative) Equilibrium moisture content diagram . 10 Annex C (inform
8、ative) Determination of the mass concentration of water vapours by a dew point method at different pressures of nitrogen (or oxygen) 12 Annex D (informative) Nomograph for determining the concentration of oil in gases 13 -,-,- ISO 15860:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the Inter
9、national Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has
10、been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical st
11、andardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies
12、for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
13、all such patent rights. ISO 15860 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations. -,-,- ISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction This International Standard establishes the impurities contamination mea
14、surement methods for real compressed gas (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) used in systems and facilities of space launch and technical complexes. This International Standard provides recommendations for correct selection and use of compressed gas contamination measurement methods and means. Compre
15、ssed gas impurities have a mechanical, physical, chemical, and electrolytic effect on pneumatic devices that reduces their life and reliability. Oil impurities in contact with oxidizer increase equipment explosion and fire hazards and have a negative biological effect when inhaled. Compressed gas im
16、purity contamination is one of the normalized parameters subjected to careful monitoring to ensure reliable operation of space system equipment as specified. This International Standard can be used for modernization and maintenance of launch site equipment and technical complexes when other methods
17、are difficult to apply. The equipment mentioned in this International Standard is portable, compact and inexpensive. . vi -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Space systems Gas contamination Measurement methods for field tests 1Scope This International Standar
18、d covers gases (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) compressed up to used in systems and units of space vehicle launch and technical complexes. This International Standard determines compressed gas impurities (mechanical impurities, water vapour, oil, and foreign gases) content measurement methods. Th
19、is International Standard can be used by countries and firms participating in the development, redesign, modernization, and maintenance of space vehicle launch sites and technical complexes. 2Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this docume
20、nt. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 15859-3:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 3: Nitrogen ISO 15859-4:2004, Space systems Fluid
21、characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 4: Helium ISO 15859-9:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 9: Argon ISO 15859-13:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 13: Breathing air 3Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3.1T
22、erms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 mechanical impurity solid dispersal phase with a wide spectrum of aerosol particle size 3.1.2 oil impurity oil contained in gas in the form of vapours and aerosols 3.1.3 particle concentration nu
23、mber of separate aerosol particles of specified size in a unit of gas volume 3.1.4 particle size particle maximum linear size measured by an optical microscope or particle equivalent size received with the help of automatic instruments 40 MPa ISO 15860:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3.1.5 sa
24、fety requirement determined requirement whose execution guarantees work safety 3.2Abbreviated terms GMCgas moisture content 4Requirements 4.1General requirements Depending on the allowable gas impurity contamination value, gases (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) are subdivided into classes of indus
25、trial purity in accordance with ISO 15859-3, ISO 15859-4, ISO 15859-9, and ISO 15859-13. The gas purity class is specified in the design documentation in accordance with the appropriate International Standard. The gas purity test shall be conducted from a pumping manifold before the storage means ar
26、e filled, following the storage filling (after a relaxation time for homogenization), every for a continuous filling. A gas sample shall be taken from every set of filled cylinders and from the pipelines feeding the gas aboard the space system prior to every operation but not earlier than before ere
27、cting a vehicle on a launch pad. During gas distribution from a compressor station directly to a user or into a receiver, the gas purity test shall be carried out at the beginning of the continuous work of the compressor station, at the end of the pressurization phase (after a relaxation time for ho
28、mogenization), every (for a continuous process). A list of controlled parameters of each gas purity test and acceptable impurity load acceptable levels shall be cited in the operation documentation. The recommended instruments and equipment are listed in Annex A. Gas purity test results shall be rec
29、orded in a special register or document on a record tape or a computer diskette. At the users request, the gas purity control service shall provide certificates testifying to gas purity. 4.2Safety requirements Only trained, skilled, and instructed persons may carry out work concerning the compressed
30、 gas impurity contamination measurements. The rooms equipped with a stationary nitrogen and helium sampler shall be fitted with a gas analyser that signals automatically in two ways (acoustic signal and flash light) when the oxygen content in the room is less than a volume fraction of . Personnel ar
31、e prohibited in areas where the oxygen content is less than a volume fraction of without using safety breathing devices. Unless otherwise provided by applicable safety rules, each group of workers going in a room in which a significant diminution of the oxygen level is possible shall use one portabl
32、e oxygen detector. Safety regulations shall be met before operating the equipment under positive pressure during gas sampling. Therefore, the following shall be performed: a)before beginning the work, make sure that all the elements of gas-sampling circuits are in an operational starting position; b
33、)monitor gas pressure before working with compressed gases; 24 h 24 h 24 h 19 % 20,9 % ISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 c)do not tighten seals and joints of pipes under positive pressure; d)do not connect inoperative pipes and reducers to pipe connections; e)do not shut and open valv
34、es with the help of levers; f)do not keep the equipment under positive pressure without control; g)after finishing work, leave the gas-sampling circuit elements in the initial state. While working with the instrument, the following shall be performed: a)use only a grounded instrument; b)do not repla
35、ce a safety device with another one calculated on the higher strength of the current; c)do not open the switched-on instrument; d)do not supply the gas sample for analysing before the instrument is energized; e)do not supply the gas sample for analysing when a gas inlet coupling cover is not removed
36、; f)do not disconnect the instrument from a gas line under positive pressure; g)verify that the inspection date is current. 4.3Measurement methods 4.3.1Mechanical impurities content measurement by dispersion composition Aerosol meters based on measuring the intensity of the light dispersed by partic
37、les in a continuous flow are used for determining the dispersive composition and concentration of solid aerosol particles. Light diffusion pulses are recorded by a photoelectric analyser and transformed into an output signal. Therefore, the amount of concentration and the dispersion composition of a
38、erosol particles are determined. Solid particle size and quantity may be determined by an optical method with the use of an analytic filter. The corresponding microscope magnification is set for each range of particle sizes (see Table 1). The greater magnifications are set on the microscope sequenti
39、ally, and particle sizes and their quantity in other ranges of sizes are determined. Table 1 Choosing a microscope magnification in accordance with a size of determined particles Size of determined particles () 100 to 6060 to 4040 to 2020 to 1414 to 88 to 44 to 22 to 11 to 0,5 Microscope magnificati
40、on () 20 to 3030 to 4040 to 5050 to 8080 to 100 100 to 250 250 to 500 500 to 1 0002 000 m ISO 15860:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 4.3.2Mechanical impurities content measurement by mass To measure a mass content of solid aerosol particles, the aerosol content transforming the dispersion cont
41、ent and amount of concentration signals into a mass content value are used. If a channel for transforming the quantities and sizes of solid particles measured quantity and size into a mass concentration is absent in the aerosol counter, the solid particle content () value shall be calculated by the
42、following formula: (1) where is the solid particle density specific () (if the particle density is unknown, it shall be assumed to be equal to ); is the particle maximum size (); is the number of particles of a certain size; is the sample volume (). A gravimetric method of a solid particle content m
43、easurement consists of passing a certain quantity of gas through a control analytic filter and weighing the filter before and after sampling. The analytic filter shall guarantee compressed gas with a maximum particle size of . Solid particle content in a gas sample () shall be calculated by the foll
44、owing formula: (2) where is the mass of the filter before gas sampling (); is the mass of the filter after gas sampling (); is the flow rate of a gas sample passing through the control analytic filter (); is the gas sampling duration (). Solid particle content in compressed gas () shall be calculate
45、d based on results of not less than three measurements by the following formula: (3) where is the solid particle content in compressed gas (); is the gas sampling duration (). rScmg/m3 rSc=5,231010 ? z1d3 1+ z2d 3 2+.+ znd 3 n VS ? g/cm3 2,5 g/cm3 dm z VSm3 0,2m rScmg/m3 rSc= m2 m1 Q tS m1mg m2mg Qm
46、3/min tSmin rSnmg/m3 rSc= rS1t1+ rS2t2+.+ rSntn t1+ t2+.+ tn rS1,rS2,.rSnmg/m3 t1,t2,.tnmin ISO 15860:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5 A tentative testing duration shall be calculated by the following formula: (4) where is the minimum necessary content of solid particles on the filter (); is t
47、he maximum permissible content of solid particles on the filter (); is the supposed or limiting assumed content of solid particles value (); is the gas flow through the control analytic filter (). 4.3.3Particle maximum size measurement Particle maximum size shall be measured by passing gas through a
48、n aerosol counter or a controlled analytic filter. After gas passing, the control analytic filter shall be blanched and dried. Blanching shall be accomplished using a solvent containing for example of xylene C6H4 (CH3)2 and of threecresyl orto phosphate (CH3C6H2O)3 PO or dibutyl phthalate C6H4 COO(C
49、H2)3 CH32. Solid particle sizes are determined by testing the particles with a microscope. 4.3.4Water vapour content measurement The water vapour content in gases shall be measured by hygrometers intended to measure water vapour concentrations in the range of to . Hygrometer preparation and operation procedures shall be carried out in accordance with a hygro