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1、 Reference number ISO 16002:2004(E) ISO 2004 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16002 First edition 2004-05-01 Stored cereal grains and pulses Guidance on the detection of infestation by live invertebrates by trapping Crales en grains et lgumineuses stockes Lignes directrices pour la dtection de linfestatio
2、n par des invertbrs vivants par pigeage Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 160
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6、low. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body
7、 in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
8、IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16002:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Terms and defi
9、nitions.1 3 Principle.2 4 General.2 5 Trap types3 6 Method of trapping3 6.1 Trapping in bulk grain 3 6.2 Trapping in sack stores4 7 Record of findings 6 8 Interpretation of findings7 Annex A (informative) Other methods for the detection of live invertebrates in stored grain.8 Annex B (informative) E
10、xamples of trap types for detecting live invertebrate infestation in stored grain9 Annex C (informative) Illustrations of examples of the different trap types used for the detection of live insects and mites in stored grain 10 Annex D (informative) Examples of treatment methods for grains infested b
11、y invertebrate pests.13 Bibliography .14 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16
12、002:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each membe
13、r body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Elec
14、trotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopt
15、ed by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of paten
16、t rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16002 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 4, Cereals and pulses. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Li
17、censee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16002:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved v Introduction Within the food sector, cereal grains are the commodities which are traded in the g
18、reatest quantities. They often form nations strategic food reserves. They can be stored for varying periods and under differing conditions, and are always susceptible to invertebrate infestation. The risk of infestation varies with the storage methods used, with time, and with the ambient temperatur
19、e and humidity in the storage area. Even short storage periods in the tropics can result in the development of significantly damaging infestations. If cereal grains become infested, the consequences can be damage, loss of quality, loss of value, and deterioration of nutritional value, and can lead t
20、o illness in animals and humans. Infested cereal grains can act as a reservoir for the subsequent infestation of sound cereal grains. Infestation can lead to rejection of deliveries, contractual problems, loss of international trade and reputation, and problems with phytosanitary certification under
21、 the International Plant Health Convention. Effective detection of infestation enables informed decisions to be made about if and how cereal grains require remedial treatment. Such treatments, examples of which are given in Annex D, may have implications for the subsequent use of such cereal grains
22、in products destined for animal and human consumption. Many methods may be used for the detection of live invertebrate infestation in stored grains, but it is considered that the most satisfactory systems for their detection in stored cereal grains and pulses are based on trapping, as described in t
23、his International Standard. Some of the other methods are listed in Annex A. These various methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Methods based on the removal and subsequent assessment of samples are inherently less suitable for insect detection due to the sampling method. Trapping for
24、 invertebrates in the storage of cereal grains and pulses can be used to detect the existence of pests, to collect specimens for accurate identification, to assess their numbers if action thresholds have been set, and to monitor invertebrate populations after the application of control measures to t
25、est their effectiveness. The standard method (ISO 13690) for the sampling of cereal grains and pulses specifically does not apply to sampling for the detection of infestation. There are standard methods for the detection of hidden infestation see ISO 6639 (all parts) but no other International Stand
26、ard exists for the detection of live invertebrates moving freely within cereal grains and pulses stored in bulk or in bags. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:
27、18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted w
28、ithout license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16002:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 Stored cereal grains and pulses Guidance on the detection of infestation by live invertebrates by trapping WARNING The placement of traps within bulk grain stores will involve access to the grain su
29、rface. It is important that operator safety is considered. Access into closed storage silos may be hazardous and due assessment must be made of the risks involved, including entry and exit procedures and the possibility of the presence of noxious gases. For these reasons, this standard is most appli
30、cable to grain which is stored in bulk in open bins and silos, and in flat or floor stores and in sack stores. 1 Scope This International Standard describes methods for the detection by trapping of live invertebrates in cereal grains and pulses stored in bags or in bulk. 2 Terms and definitions For
31、the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 grains cereal grains and/or pulses 2.2 beetles species (members) of order Coleoptera NOTE Many weevils within the coleopteran family Curculionidae are highly significant pests of stored cereals, being “hidden infestations”
32、 for much of their life cycles. Several other coleopteran families include important grain damaging species. 2.3 infestation live insect and mite species which, during some stage(s) of their life cycle, are capable of causing damage to the grain NOTE These are also known as “pest species”. 2.4 inver
33、tebrates multicellular animals without spinal column, with special reference to insect and mite species within the phylum Arthropoda 2.5 moths species of the order Lepidoptera (Heterocera), which are less brightly coloured than butterflies and fly mainly at night NOTE Butterflies (Rhophalocera) and
34、moths (Heterocera) belong to the same order Lepidoptera, but butterflies are not encountered in grain storage. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo repr
35、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16002:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 2.6 natural pheromone chemical scent produced by an animal to affect the behaviour of other animals of the same or very closely related species 2.7 synthetic pheromone replica pheromone m
36、olecule synthesized to duplicate the effect of the natural pheromone NOTE Synthetic pheromones are frequently used as sex scents to confuse or decoy males of a species, for example in moth traps in agriculture and food storage. 2.8 trap device designed and intended to retain target species or groups
37、, which have entered its structure, or to entice and encourage them to remain within the device 3 Principle Insects and mites are detected by physical entrapment, or retention by means of food or other attractants, or both. Physical entrapment devices retain all, or the majority, of invertebrates wh
38、ich enter them since they are designed to preclude escape. Food or other attractants may also be used in devices which attract invertebrates but which do not subsequently prevent their escape. Their effectiveness then relies on the attractiveness of the lure, encouraging a large proportion of the lo
39、cal target invertebrate population to remain in the device. Since trapping relies upon insect and mite activity, trapping results in cold or very hot conditions may be markedly different from results obtained in the “normal” range between 15 C and 40 C. 4 General 4.1 The presence of insects and mite
40、s in grain storage depends on a range of factors. The standard of hygiene (sanitation), the type of pest management in operation (temperature and humidity control, percussive methods, for example) and the potential uses to which the grain will be put, can all have a bearing on the significance of in
41、sects and mites detected through trapping. See also ISO 6322-2. 4.2 Physical traps depend for their effectiveness on the natural movement of insects, and their entry into trap structures from which they cannot or choose not to escape. 4.3 A baiting device depends on the principle that insects are at
42、tracted to a food or other attractant, and once in the vicinity of the bait, they are likely to remain. 4.4 Traps for flying insects depend on the principle that adult insects will fly towards an attractant housed within a trap and are then retained by the device. 4.5 It should be noted that the att
43、ractants used in some systems are synthetic pheromones which are mostly effective only for one genus of species and usually for only one sex of that species, often the males. Food-based attractants are generally attractive to many species. 4.6 Unbaited trap systems depend entirely on invertebrates e
44、ncountering the device by chance and then being retained by the design of the trap. This type is sometimes called “blunder traps”. 4.7 The range of insect and mite grain pests which could be expected in grain storage include the following: a) grain beetles and weevils whose adults cannot fly; b) gra
45、in beetles and weevils whose adults can fly; Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:09:18 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS
46、O 16002:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 c) moth species whose adults can fly; d) grain mites which cannot fly and which are only just visible to the naked eye. The choice of the best trap type is dependent upon the expected range or spectrum of pests and the physical (climatic and local store
47、) conditions under which it is expected to operate. 5 Trap types Many different types of trap are available. Those listed in Annexes B and C are representative of trap types available in many countries, and are included as a guide to their construction and design. It is known that the use of the var
48、ious types of trap can give rise to differing results of relative estimates of the infesting pest population within the same storage. Locally made traps, following the principles covered in this International Standard, will provide valuable information on infestation, but their level of efficacy may not be known and thus their results will not be directly comparable with other traps. Annex B gives examples of trap types, and this and the illustrations in Annex C are included to help