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1、 Reference number ISO 16067-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16067-1 First edition 2003-11-15 Photography Spatial resolution measurements of electronic scanners for photographic images Part 1: Scanners for reflective media Photographie Mesurages de rsolution spatiale de scanners lectron
2、iques pour images photographiques Partie 1: Scanners pour milieux rflchissants Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted
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6、ntral Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO
7、 at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved Copyright International Orga
8、nization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword
9、iv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Test chart.4 4.1 General.4 4.2 General characteristics 4 4.3 Test chart elements 6 5 Test conditions7 5.1 General.7 5.2 Temperature and relative humidity .7 5.3 Luminance and colour measurements .8 5.4 Linearization8 5.
10、5 Scanner settings .8 6 Measuring the scanner OECF8 7 Limiting visual resolution and its relation to SFR.8 8 Edge SFR test measurement .9 9 Presentation of results.9 9.1 General.9 9.2 Scanner OECF.10 9.3 Resolution measurements.11 Annex A (normative) Scanner OECF Test Patches.13 Annex B (normative)
11、SFR algorithm.14 Annex C (informative) Using slanted edge analysis for colour spatial registration measurement.17 Bibliography .19 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007
12、 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing
13、International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaiso
14、n with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of tec
15、hnical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is dra
16、wn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16067-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. ISO 16067 consists of the following parts, un
17、der the general title Photography Spatial resolution measurements of electronic scanners for photographic images: Part 1: Scanners for reflective media Part 2: Film scanners Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standa
18、rds 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved v Introduction One of the most important characteristics of an electronic print scanner is the ability to capture the fine d
19、etail found in the original print. This ability to resolve detail is determined by a number of factors, including the performance of the scanner lens, the number of addressable photoelements in the image sensor(s) used in the scanner, and the electrical circuits in the scanner. Different measurement
20、 methods can yield different metrics that quantify the ability of the scanner to capture fine details. This part of ISO 16067 specifies methods for measuring the limiting visual resolution and spatial frequency response calculated from a slanted edge (Edge SFR) imaged by a print scanner. The scanner
21、 measurements described in this part of ISO 16067 are performed in the digital domain, using digital analysis techniques. A test chart of appropriate size and characteristics is scanned and the resulting data analysed. The test chart described in this part of ISO 16067 is designed specifically for t
22、he evaluation of continuous tone print scanners. It is not designed for evaluating electronic still picture cameras, video cameras or bi-tonal document scanners. The edge SFR measurement method described in this part of ISO 16067 uses a computer algorithm to analyse digital image data from the print
23、 scanner. Pixel values near slanted vertical and horizontal edges are used to compute the SFR values. The use of a slanted edge allows the edge gradient to be measured at many phases relative to the image sensor photoelements, so that the SFR can be determined at spatial frequencies higher than the
24、half-sampling frequency, sometimes called the Nyquist limit. This technique is mathematically equivalent to a moving knife edge measurement. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale,
25、04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or netwo
26、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16067-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Photography Spatial resolution measurements of electronic scanners for photographic images Part 1: Scanners for reflective media 1 Scope This part of ISO 16067 specifies methods f
27、or measuring and reporting the spatial resolution of electronic scanners for continuous tone photographic prints. It is applicable to both monochrome and colour print scanners. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
28、 references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5 (all parts), Photography Density measurements ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications ISO 12231, Photograp
29、hy Electronic still-picture cameras Terminology ISO 14524:1999, Photography Electronic still-picture cameras Methods for measuring opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12231 and the following ap
30、ply. 3.1 addressable photoelements number of active photoelements in an image sensor equal to the number of active lines of photoelements, multiplied by the number of active photoelements per line 3.2 aliasing output image artefacts that occur in a sampled imaging system for input images having sign
31、ificant energy at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency of the system NOTE These artefacts usually manifest themselves as moir patterns in repetitive image features or as jagged “stairstepping” at edge transitions. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS unde
32、r license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3.3 digital output level digital code value numerical value assigned to a
33、 particular output level 3.4 edge spread function ESF normalized spatial signal distribution in the linearized output of an imaging system resulting from imaging a theoretical infinitely sharp edge 3.5 effectively spectrally neutral having spectral characteristics which result in a specific imaging
34、system producing the same output as for a spectrally neutral object 3.6 electronic scanners for photographic prints scanner incorporating an image sensor that outputs a digital signal representing a still print image 3.7 fast scan direction scan direction corresponding to the direction of the alignm
35、ent of the addressable photoelements in a linear array image sensor 3.8 gamma correction signal processing operation that changes the relative signal levels in order to adjust the image tone reproduction NOTE 1 Gamma correction is performed in part to correct for the nonlinear light-output versus si
36、gnal input characteristic of the display. The relationship between the light input level and the output signal level, called the OECF, provides the gamma correction curveshape for an image capture device. NOTE 2 The gamma correction is usually an algorithm, look-up table or circuit which operates se
37、parately on each colour component of an image. 3.9 image sensor electronic device that converts incident electromagnetic radiation into an electronic signal EXAMPLE Charge-coupled device (CCD) array. 3.10 resolution measure of the ability of a digital image capture system, or a component of a digita
38、l image capture system, to depict spatial picture detail NOTE Resolution measurement metrics include resolving power, limiting visual resolution, SFR, MTF and CTF. 3.11 sampled imaging system imaging system or device which generates an image signal by sampling an image at an array of discrete points
39、, or along a set of discrete lines, rather than a continuum of points NOTE The sampling at each point is done using a finite-size sampling aperture or area. 3.12 sample spacing physical distance between sampling points or sampling lines Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provid
40、ed by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3 NOTE 1 The sample spacing may be different in the two ortho
41、gonal sampling directions. NOTE 2 It is measured in units of distance (e.g. micrometres, millimetres). 3.13 sampling frequency reciprocal of sample spacing NOTE It is expressed in samples per unit distance e.g. dots per inch (DPI) 3.14 scanner electronic device that converts a fixed image, such as a
42、 print or film transparency, into an electronic signal 3.15 scanner opto-electronic conversion function scanner OECF relationship between the input density and the digital output levels for an opto-electronic digital capture system 3.16 slow scan direction direction in which the scanner moves the ph
43、otoelements (perpendicular to the lines of active photoelements in a linear array image sensor) 3.17 spatial frequency response SFR measured amplitude response of an imaging system as a function of relative input spatial frequency NOTE The SFR is normally represented by a curve of the output respons
44、e to an input sinusoidal spatial luminance distribution of unit amplitude, over a range of spatial frequencies, and is normalized to yield a value of 1,0 at a spatial frequency of 0. 3.18 spectrally neutral exhibiting reflective or transmissive characteristics which are constant over the wavelength
45、range of interest 3.19 test chart arrangement of test patterns designed to test particular aspects of an imaging system 3.20 test pattern specified arrangement of spectral reflectance or transmittance characteristics used in measuring an image quality attribute NOTE The test pattern spectral charact
46、eristics include the types given in 3.21.1 to 3.21.3. 3.20.1 bitonal patterns pattern that is spectrally neutral or effectively spectrally neutral, and which consists exclusively of two reflectance or transmittance values in a prescribed spatial arrangement NOTE Bitonal patterns are typically used t
47、o measure resolving power, limiting resolution and SFR. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:27:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from I
48、HS -,-,- ISO 16067-1:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3.20.2 grey-scale patterns pattern that is spectrally neutral or effectively spectrally neutral, and which consists of a large number of different reflectance or transmittance values in a prescribed spatial arrangement NOTE Grey-scale patterns are typically used to measure opto-electronic conversion functions. 3.20.3 spectral pattern pattern that is specified by