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1、 Reference number ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17402 First edition 2008-06-15 Soil quality Requirements and guidance for the selection and application of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials Qualit du sol Lignes directrices
2、 pour la slection et lapplication des mthodes dvaluation de la biodisponibilit des contaminants dans le sol et les matriaux du sol Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo r
3、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 17402:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are license
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8、d ii ISO 2008 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All
9、 rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Bioavailability in relation to assessment of soil function.6 4.1 Soil functions and organisms to protect 6 4.2 Risk assessment .6 4.3 Protection goals 7 5 Concepts of bioavailab
10、ility.8 5.1 Definitions8 5.2 Links between bioavailability and biological effects and/or bioaccumulation.10 6 Description of methods to assess bioavailability11 6.1 General .11 6.2 Assessment of bioavailability using chemical test methods .12 6.3 Assessment of bioavailability using ecotoxicological
11、test methods 13 7 Pathways related to soil quality (both organism and soil)14 7.1 General .14 7.2 Human.14 7.2.1 General .14 7.2.2 Soil ingestion.14 7.2.3 Dermal contact.15 7.2.4 Inhalation of soil15 7.2.5 Groundwater used for drinking water.15 7.3 Exposure of higher animals .15 7.4 Exposure of soil
12、 organisms .15 7.4.1 General .15 7.4.2 Exposure of soil micro-organisms 15 7.4.3 Exposure of soil invertebrates (micro-, meso- and macro-fauna) .16 7.5 Exposure of plants 16 8 Available methods to measure bioavailability .17 8.1 General .17 8.2 Chemical methods to measure environmental availability.
13、17 8.2.1 General .17 8.2.2 Methods for soil ingestion18 8.2.3 Methods for dermal uptake.19 8.2.4 Methods for plants 19 8.2.5 Methods for leaching from the solid phase to the soil solution.19 8.2.6 Methods for biodegradation.20 8.2.7 Methods for soil organisms20 8.2.8 Available and promising chemical
14、 methods to measure bioavailability.20 8.3 Ecotoxicological test methods to measure bioavailability.22 9 Requirements.25 9.1 General .25 9.2 Requirements for selection and application.25 9.2.1 Requirements for selection25 9.2.2 Requirements for application.26 Copyright International Organization for
15、 Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 17402:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved 9.3 Requirements for development27 Annex A (informativ
16、e) Bioavailability in relation to biodegradability29 Annex B (informative) International Standards for the determination of the toxicity of chemicals on sediment organisms (laboratory tests)30 Bibliography31 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with
17、ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national sta
18、ndards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International or
19、ganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules give
20、n in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 7
21、5 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17402 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, So
22、il quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site assessment. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 174
23、02:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights reserved Introduction Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that biological effects are not related to the total concentration of a contaminant in the soil. Instead, an organism responds only to the fraction that is biologically available (bioavailable) for
24、 that organism. This is particularly true in soils that undergo interaction of contaminant molecules with the soil, in such a way that the contaminant is not attainable anymore by the organism or is present in a non-available form (sometimes referred to as sequestration or irreversible sorption). Th
25、e bioavailable fractions of contaminants are dependent on soil properties and various processes varying with time and on the biological receptors. The conservative approach of exposure assessment, as typically described in a regulatory context, assumes that the total concentration of a contaminant p
26、resent in a soil or soil material is available for uptake by organisms, including man, and as such will overestimate the risks. Therefore, a risk assessment can be optimised by using an approach that is based on estimated exposure representing the available, effective concentration of the contaminan
27、t(s) and on (existing) intrinsic toxicity data. This assumption is not new as, already in the last half of the nineteenth century, agronomists and soil scientists began to search for chemical methods to determine the concentration of individual plant-available nutrients in agricultural soils. The im
28、petus for this search was the need for recommended nutrient additions to achieve maximum crop yield. Mulder 1 stated already in 1860: “The unnecessary full analysis of soil to learn if it is fertile or not cannot be argued enough. The long and short of it is availability, which cannot be derived bef
29、orehand. The analysis shows what there is, agriculture must draw its own conclusions from that.” Chemical methods were devised to reasonably predict the availability of inorganic ions necessary for plant development. Chemical partial extraction methods are now commonly used to evaluate available lev
30、els of nutrients in soils. Extraction methods have been optimised by correlating extraction results with response of susceptible crop species to the addition of fertilisers. The concept of availability is nowadays applied to the risk assessment of contaminants and can be tailored to the specific pro
31、tection goals. Depending on the intended use of a soil or soil material, soil characterisation for different purposes (e.g. assessment of habitat and retention functions, risk assessment and compliance with regulatory values) may include chemical testing and ecotoxicological testing with selected re
32、presentative test organisms. These tests will, in many cases, be soil- or site-specific at a given point in time, and cannot be extrapolated to other soils or points in time where other factors may control bioavailability. Bioavailability may be assessed in two complementary ways (see also Figure 1)
33、: Chemical methods (e.g. extraction methods) which determine the fraction of a well-defined class of contaminants available for defined specific biotic receptors or the mobility of the contaminants in the soil. Usually these chemical methods were developed to predict the amount of contaminants taken
34、 up by the organisms. Nevertheless, these analytically determined values can also be correlated with effects. In a routine assessment of soil quality, chemical measurements may replace biological testing, if a correlation between the resulting chemical values and effect or accumulation has been demo
35、nstrated. Biological methods which expose organisms to soil or soil eluates in order to monitor effects. If accumulation and/or effects (e.g. mortality, growth inhibition) are encountered, bioavailable contaminants are likely to be present even if they cannot be chemically identified. More knowledge
36、 on processes controlling bioavailability can close the still existing gap between chemical measurements and biological effects. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo rep
37、roduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vii Figure 1 Methods to assess bioavailability Relation between chemical and biological assays and bioaccumulation Under regulatory aspects of soil protection, the risk assessment should b
38、e based upon the same common concept with regard to determination/assessment of exposure and measurement/assessment of effects. Thus, existing concepts and derived trigger values based on total concentrations of pollutants in soils or soil materials can be transferred to the proposed concept based o
39、n the prediction of the bioavailable fraction by using the more accurate description of exposure. For instance, the translation of information on bioavailability into acceptable evaluations of “how clean is clean” (e.g. site-specific limits for regulating the extent to which the remediation of soil
40、is required) is essential for establishing realistic risk assessments and the determination of proper endpoints for remediation. A harmonised framework on bioavailability is considered in order to promote the development and introduction of workable standard methods to be used in soil and site asses
41、sment. In addition, methods for the estimation of bioavailable effective concentrations of contaminants according to the protection goals envisaged are required. These methods should preferably be described in International Standards and that standardization process should result in a limited set of
42、 established methods for the measurement of bioavailability 2. As described in this International Standard, this process will not lead to one single method to measure bioavailability, because bioavailability depends on variables such as the contaminant, the target and the actual soil properties. The
43、refore, methods should not only use the word bioavailability but also refer to these variables (bioavailable for). In this International Standard, requirements and guidance are given to select methods to assess bioavailability for different target species with regard to several classes of contaminan
44、ts. Methods to assess bioavailability are not described in this International Standard. Reference is made to existing International Standards and additional principles of measurement, which may need to be worked out in these International Standards. As only a few standards exist, reference is also m
45、ade to measuring principles. Guidance is also provided for further standardization of a method where promising first results are reported. After a short description of methods (Clause 6), the pathways of a contaminant to the target organism are discussed (Clause 7). A summary of existing methods and
46、 promising methods that should be further developed is given in Clause 8. Clause 9 gives recommendations and includes the minimal requirements for application and further development. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5
47、910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:08:39 MDTNo reproduction
48、 or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Soil quality Requirements and guidance for the selection and application of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials 1 Scope This International Standard provides guidance for the selection and application of methods to assess bioavailability for the characterisation of contaminated soil and soil ma