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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 10746-3 First edition 1996-09-l 5 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Reference Model: Architecture Technologies de /information - Traitement distribu6 ouvert - Mod - identifies the characteristics that qualify systems as ODP systems. It establishes
2、a framework for coordinating the development of existing and future standards for ODP systems and is provided for reference by those standards. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provis
3、ions of this Recommendation I International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation I Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
4、the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunications Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommend
5、ations I International Standards - ITU-T Recommendation X.200 (1994) I ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection -Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 10 ( 1995) I ISO/IEC 10 18 1 - 1: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Intercon
6、nection - Security frameworks for open systems: Overview. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 11 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10 18 l-2: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Authentication framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.812 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10181-3:1996
7、, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Access control framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.813l) I ISO/IEC 10181-4.), Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Non-repudiation framework. - ITU
8、-T Recommendation X.814 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10181-5:1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Confidentiality framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 15 (1995) I ISO/IEC 1018 l-6: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Secur
9、ity frameworks for open systems: Integrity framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 16 (1995) I ISO/IEC 1018 l-7: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Security audit framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.902 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996, Inf
10、ormation technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Foundations. l) Presently at the stage of draft. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for
11、 Resale, 04/05/2007 02:24:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) 2.2 Paired Recommendations I International Standards equivalent in technical content - CCITT Recommendation X.800 (1991), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconn
12、ection for CCL7 Applications. IS0 7498-211989, Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model - Part 2: Security Architecture. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Descriptive defin
13、itions This Reference Model makes use of the following term defined in ITU-T Rec. X.200 I ISO/IEC 7498- 1: - transfer syntax. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.811 I ISO/IEC 10181-2: - claimant; - exchange authentication information
14、; - principal; - trusted third party. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.812 I ISO/IEC 10181-3: - access control information; - access decision function; - access enforcement function; - initiator; - target. This Recommendation I Int
15、ernational Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Ret X.813 I ISO/IEC 10181-4: - evidence generator; - evidence user; - evidence verifier; - (non-repudiable data) originator; - (non-repudiable data) recipient; - non-repudiation evidence; - non-repudiation service requester; - not
16、ary. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.814 I ISO/IEC 10181-5: - confidentiality-protected data; - hide; - originator; - recipient; - reveal. 2 ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provid
17、ed by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:24:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms
18、 defined in ITU-T Rec. X.815 I ISO/IEC 10181-6: - integrity-protected data; - originator; - recipient; - shield; - validate. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.816 I ISOiIEC 10181-7: - alarms collector function; - alarm examiner func
19、tion; - audit trail examiner function; - audit trail archiver function; - audit recorder function; - audit trail examiner function; - audit trail collector function. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 11170-l Key Management Framework: - k
20、ey generation; - key registration; - key certification; - key deregistration; - key distribution; - key storage; - key archiving; - key deletion. This Reference Model makes use of the terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 shown in Figure 1. 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Re
21、commendation I International Standard, the following abbreviations apply: ODP Open Distributed Processing. OS1 Open Systems Interconnection. 4 Framework This Reference Model defines a framework comprising: - five viewpoints, called enterprise, information, computational, engineering and technology w
22、hich provide a basis for the specification of ODP systems; - a viewpoint language for each viewpoint, defining concepts and rules for specifying ODP systems from the corresponding viewpoint; - specifications of thefunctions required to support ODP systems; - transparency prescriptions showing how to
23、 use the ODP functions to achieve distribution transparency. The architecture for ODP systems and the composition of functions is determined by the combination of the computational language, the engineering language and the transparency prescriptions. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) 3 Copyright Internatio
24、nal Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:24:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) action; activity; architecture: at
25、omicity; behaviour; binding; class; client object; communication; communications management; composition; configuration; conformance point; consumer object; contract; creation; data; decomposition; deletion; distributed processing; distribution transparency; ex domain; entity; environment; error; es
26、tablishing behaviour; failure; fault; -zx group; identifier; information; initiating object; instance; instantiation; interaction; interchange reference point; interface; interface signature; interworking reference point; introduction; invariant; liaison; location in space; location in time; name; n
27、aming context; naming domain; notification; object; obligation; ODP standards; ODP system; open distributed processing; perceptual reference point; permission; persistence; policy; producer object; programmatic reference point; prohibition; Quality of Service; reference point; refinement; role; serv
28、er object; spawn action; stability; state; subdomain; subtype; swertype; system; template; term; thread; trading; type; viewpoint. Figure 1 - Terms taken from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISOLIEC 10746-2 4.1 Viewpoints 4.1.1 Concepts 4.1.1.1 Enterprise viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environme
29、nt that focuses on the purpose, scope and policies for that system. 4.1.1.2 Information viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the semantics of information and information processing. 4.1.1.3 Computational viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environme
30、nt which enables distribution through functional decomposition of the system into objects which interact at interfaces. 4.1.1.4 Engineering viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the mechanisms and functions required to support distributed interaction between obj
31、ects in the system. 4.1.1.5 Technology viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the choice of technology in that system. 4.1.2 Using viewpoints The enterprise, information, computational, engineering and technology viewpoints have been chosen as a necessary and suf
32、ficient set to meet the needs of ODP standards. Viewpoints can be applied, at an appropriate level of abstraction, to a complete ODP system, in which case the environment defines the context in which the ODP system operates. Viewpoints can also be applied to individual components of an ODP system, i
33、n which case the components environment will include some abstraction of both the systems environment and other system components. NOTE - The process of abstraction might be such that the systems environment and the other system components are composed into a single object. 4 ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995
34、E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:24:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) 4.2 ODP vie
35、wpoint languages 4.2.1 Concept 4.2.1.1 language: Definitions of concepts and rules for the specification of an ODP system from the viewpoint; thus: engineering language: definitions of concepts and rules for the specification of an ODP system from the engineering viewpoint. 4.2.2 Using viewpoint lan
36、guages This Reference Model defines a set of five languages, each corresponding to one of the viewpoints defined in 4.1.1. Each language is used for the specification of an ODP system from the corresponding viewpoint. These languages are: - the enterprise language (defined in clause 5); - the inform
37、ation language (defined in clause 6); - the computational language (defined in clause 7); - the engineering language (defined in clause 8); - the technology language (defined in clause 9). Each language uses concepts taken from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2, and introduces refinements of those
38、concepts, prescriptive rules and additional viewpoint-specific concepts relevant to the nature of the specifications concerned. These additional concepts are, in turn, defined using concepts from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2. A system specification comprises one or more viewpoint specification
39、s. These specifications must be mutually consistent. Rules for the consistent structuring of viewpoint specifications are given in clause 10. The specifier must demonstrate by other means that terms in the specifications are used consistently. A specification of a system using several viewpoint spec
40、ifications will often restrict implementations more than a specification using fewer viewpoint specifications. Objects identified in one viewpoint can be specified using the viewpoint language associated with that viewpoint or using the viewpoint languages associated with other viewpoints. It is not
41、 necessary to specify an object fully from every viewpoint in order to achieve a mutually consistent set of viewpoint specifications. NOTES 1 The list of terms taken from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 are listed in Figure 1. 2 The qualification of a term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 by
42、 the name of a viewpoint (e.g. as in “computational object”) is interpreted as using of the term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2, subject to whatever additional provisions are specified in the identified viewpoint language. 3 The unqualified use of a term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-
43、2 in a viewpoint specification (e.g. “interface”) is interpreted as if the term had been qualified by the name of the viewpoint (i.e. “computational interface”), if the associated viewpoint language places additional constraints on the term. 4.3 ODP functions 4.3.1 ODP function: A function required
44、to support Open Distributed Processing. 4.3.2 Using ODP functions This Reference Model specifies, in clauses 11 to 15, the functions required to achieve Open Distributed Processing. Each ODP function description contains: - an explanation of the use of the function for open distributed processing; -
45、 prescriptive statements, about the structure and behaviour of the function, sufficient to ensure the overall integrity of the Reference Model; - a statement of other ODP functions upon which it depends. 4.4 ODP distribution transparencies 4.4.1 Concepts 4.4.1.1 Access transparency: A distribution t
46、ransparency which masks differences in data representation and invocation mechanisms to enable interworking between objects. 4.4.1.2 Failure transparency: A distribution transparency which masks, from an object, the failure and possible recovery of other objects (or itself), to enable fault toleranc
47、e. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) 5 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:24:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOAEC 107
48、46-3 : 1996 (E) 4.4.1.3 Location transparency: A distribution transparency which masks the use of information about location in space when identifying and binding to interfaces. 4.4.1.4 Migration transparency: A distribution transparency which masks, from an object, the ability of a system to change
49、 the location of that object. Migration is often used to achieve load balancing and reduce latency. 4.4.1.5 Relocation transparency: A distribution transparency which masks relocation of an interface from other interfaces bound to it. 4.4.1.6 Replication transparency: A distribution transparency which masks the use of a group of mutually behaviourally compatible objects t