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1、 Reference number ISO 18434-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18434-1 First edition 2008-03-01 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Thermography Part 1: General procedures Surveillance et diagnostic de ltat des machines Thermographie Partie 1: Procdures gnrales Copyright Inte
2、rnational Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typeface
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6、s otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO co
7、pyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boei
8、ng Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Thermography tec
9、hniques4 5 Comparative thermography4 5.1 Types of comparative thermography.4 5.2 Comparative quantitative thermography 5 5.3 Comparative qualitative thermography.5 6 Non-contact thermometry using infrared thermography cameras.6 7 Baseline measurements6 8 Safety 6 9 Calibration6 10 Data collection .6
10、 11 Customer responsibilities.7 12 Field measurements of reflected temperature and emissivity and attenuating media7 13 Temperature severity assessment criteria8 13.1 Establishing severity assessment criteria8 13.2 Temperature difference criteria8 13.3 Maximum permissible temperature criteria 8 14 P
11、rofile assessment criteria.9 15 Diagnosis and prognosis9 15.1 Survey intervals.9 15.2 Image interpretation 9 15.3 Fault identification process10 16 Test report10 17 Qualification of personnel 11 Annex A (normative) Field measurements of reflected apparent temperature and emissivity 12 Annex B (infor
12、mative) Example safety rules and guidelines17 Annex C (informative) Case history examples.18 Bibliography24 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networki
13、ng permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carr
14、ied out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
15、ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internat
16、ional Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the e
17、lements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18434-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring, Subcommittee SC 5, Condition monitoring and
18、 diagnostics of machines. ISO 18434 consists of the following parts, under the general title Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Thermography: Part 1: General procedures Image interpretation and diagnostics is to form the subject of a future Part 2. Copyright International Organization
19、for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction This part of ISO 18434 provides guida
20、nce on the use of infrared thermography (IRT) as part of a programme for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines. IRT can be used to identify and document anomalies for the purposes of condition monitoring of machines. These anomalies are usually caused by such mechanisms as operation, impr
21、oper lubrication, misalignment, worn components or mechanical loading anomalies. IRT is based on measuring the distribution of radiant thermal energy (heat) emitted from a target surface, and converting this to a map of radiation intensity differences (surface temperature map) or thermogram. The the
22、rmographer therefore requires an understanding of heat, temperature and the various types of heat transfer as essential prerequisites when undertaking an IR programme. Thermal energy is present with the operation of all machines. It can be in the form of friction or energy losses, as a property of t
23、he process media, produced by the actual process itself or any combination thereof. As a result, temperature can be a key parameter for monitoring the performance of machines, the condition of machines, and the diagnostics of machine problems. IRT is an ideal technology to do this temperature monito
24、ring because it provides complete thermal images of a machine, or a machine component, with no physical attachments (non-intrusive), requires little set-up, and provides the results in a very short period of time. An important advantage of radiation thermometers over contact thermometers is their sp
25、eed of response. The measured energy travels from the target to the sensor at the speed of light. The response of the instrument can then be in milliseconds or even microseconds. Another advantage is the sensitivity of the instruments in that they can detect and display a thermal “picture” composed
26、of the very subtle temperature differences of the target. Although extremely useful, IRT has a limitation in that radiometric sensing is susceptible to unacceptable error when used on most low emissivity surfaces. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license
27、 with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/20
28、08 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18434-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Thermography Part 1: General procedures 1 Scope This part of ISO 18434 provides an introduc
29、tion to the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics, where “machinery” includes machine auxiliaries such as valves, fluid and electrically powered machines, and machinery related heat exchanger equipment. In addition, IR applications pertaining to
30、 machinery performance assessment are addressed. This part of ISO 18434: introduces the terminology of IRT as it pertains to condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines; describes the types of IRT procedures and their merits; provides guidance on establishing severity assessment criteria for an
31、omalies identified by IRT; outlines methods and requirements for carrying out IRT of machines, including safety recommendations; provides information on data interpretation, and assessment criteria and reporting requirements; provides procedures for determining and compensating for reflected apparen
32、t temperature, emissivity and attenuating media. This part of ISO 18434 also encompasses the testing procedures for determining and compensating for reflected apparent temperature, emissivity and attenuating media when measuring the surface temperature of a target with a quantitative IRT camera. NOT
33、E It is intended that future parts will address application-specific analysis guidelines. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
34、 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13372, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vocabulary ISO 13379, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines General guidelines on data interpretation and diagnostics techniques ISO 13381-1, Condition monitoring an
35、d diagnostics of machines Prognostics Part 1: General guidelines ISO 17359, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines General guidelines Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:
36、27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved ISO 18436-7, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 7: Thermography ASTM E1897, Standard test m
37、ethods for measuring and compensating for transmittance of an attenuating medium using infrared imaging radiometers 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in ISO 13372 and the following apply. 3.1 apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an i
38、nfrared thermography camera containing all radiation incident on the detector, regardless of its source 3.2 attenuating media windows, filters, atmospheres, external optics, materials or other media that attenuate the infrared radiation emitted from a source 3.3 black body ideal perfect emitter and
39、absorber of thermal radiation at all wavelengths NOTE This is described by Plancks law. 3.4 emissivity ratio of a target surfaces radiance to that of a black body at the same temperature and over the same spectral interval 3.5 infrared thermography camera IRT camera instrument that collects the infr
40、ared radiant energy from a target surface and produces an image in monochrome (black and white) or colour, where the grey shades or colour hues are related to target surface apparent temperature distribution NOTE Such images are sometimes called infrared thermograms. 3.6 image processing converting
41、an image to digital form and further enhancing the image to prepare it for computer or visual analysis NOTE In the case of an infrared image or thermogram this could include temperature scaling, spot temperature measurements, thermal profiles, image manipulation, subtraction and storage. 3.7 infrare
42、d IR that portion of the electromagnetic continuum extending from the red visible wavelength, 0,75 m, to 1 000 m NOTE Because of instrument design considerations and the infrared transmission characteristics of the atmosphere, most infrared measurements are made between 0,75 m and 15 m wavelengths.
43、Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 18434-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 3.8 isotherm
44、enhancement feature applied to an image, which marks an interval of equal apparent temperatures 3.9 infrared thermography IRT acquisition and analysis of thermal information from non-contact thermal imaging devices 3.10 radiation, thermal mode of heat flow that occurs by emission and absorption of e
45、lectromagnetic radiation, propagating at the speed of light NOTE Unlike conductive and convective heat flow, it is capable of propagating across a vacuum. A form of heat transfer which allows IRT to work since infrared energy travels from the target to the detector by radiation. 3.11 reflectivity ra
46、tio of the total reflected energy from a surface to total incident energy on that surface NOTE 1 = 1 ; for a mirror, reflectivity approaches 1,0; for a black body, = 0. NOTE 2 Technically, reflectivity is the ratio of the intensity of the reflected radiation to the total radiation; reflectance is th
47、e ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux. In IRT, the two terms are often used interchangeably. 3.12 reflected apparent temperature Trefl apparent temperature of other objects that are reflected by the target into the infrared thermography camera 3.13 repeatability infrared thermography ca
48、pability of an instrument to repeat exactly a reading on a fixed target over a short- or long-term interval NOTE Repeatability is expressed in degrees or a percentage of full scale. 3.14 signal processing manipulation of a temperature signal or image data for the purposes of enhancing or controlling a process EXAMPLE 1 For infrared radiation thermometers: peak hold, valley hold, sample hold and averaging. EXAMPLE 2 For scan