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1、 Reference number ISO 10934-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10934-2 First edition 2007-03-01 Optics and optical instruments Vocabulary for microscopy Part 2: Advanced techniques in light microscopy Optique et instruments doptique Vocabulaire relatif la microscopie Partie 2: Techniques
2、avances en microscopie optique Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-
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6、ow. ISO 2007 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body
7、in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by I
8、HS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardi
9、zation) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to b
10、e represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standa
11、rds are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Inter
12、national Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10934-2
13、 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172, Optics and photonics, Subcommittee SC 5, Microscopes and endoscopes. ISO 10934 consists of the following parts, under the general title Optics and optical instruments Vocabulary for microscopy: Part 1: Light microscopy Part 2: Advanced techniques in l
14、ight microscopy Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International O
15、rganization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10934-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights res
16、erved 1 Optics and optical instruments Vocabulary for microscopy Part 2: Advanced techniques in light microscopy 1 Scope This part of ISO 10934 specifies terms and definitions to be used in the field of advanced light microscopy. 2 Terms and definitions NOTE Terms shown in bold within a definition o
17、r a note are defined elsewhere within this part of ISO 10934. 2.1 acousto-optical modulator electronically-tunable device used to control the direction and/or intensity of a laser by an acoustically-induced diffraction grating in a crystal 2.2 acousto-optical tunable filter AOTF electronically-tunab
18、le filter for selection of wavelengths by an acoustically-induced diffraction grating in a crystal 2.3 aliasing phenomenon caused by sampling at too low a frequency (i.e. lower than the Nyquist frequency) resulting in the loss of information and/or the creation of spurious information 2.4 auto-focus
19、 method of bringing an object automatically into focus, controlled by an imaging software algorithm and/or a hardware device that detects the object position 2.5 axial resolution resolution in the direction of the optical axis 2.6 background subtraction removal of that part of the signal that is pre
20、sent in the absence of the object, to reveal underlying image information 2.7 binning mode of operation of an image sensor where the charge of adjacent pixels is accumulated and is read out as a single value Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with
21、ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-2:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved 2.8 confocal microscopy state in which, ideally, a point in the object field is il
22、luminated by a diffraction-limited spot of light, and light emanating from this point is focused upon and detected from an area smaller than the central area of the diffraction disc situated in the corresponding position in a subsequent field plane 2.9 channel particular signal path containing one t
23、ype of image information 2.10 co-localization overlay of images with coincidence of pixels corresponding to the same object points 2.11 confocal microscope microscope in which, ideally, a point in the object plane is illuminated by a diffraction-limited spot of light, and light emanating from this p
24、oint is focused upon and detected from an area smaller than the central area of the diffraction disc situated in the corresponding position in a subsequent field plane NOTE 1 An image of an extended area is formed either by scanning the object, or by scanning the illuminated and detected spots simul
25、taneously. NOTE 2 The confocal principle leads to improved axial resolution by suppression of light from out-of-focus planes. 2.11.1 laser-scanning confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) in which the light source is a laser 2.11.2 multiple-beam confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11)
26、using more than one illuminated and detected spot simultaneously 2.11.3 Nipkow disc confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) in which the scanning of the illuminated and detected spots is performed using a Nipkow disc (2.11.3.1) 2.11.3.1 Nipkow disc opaque disc with many ideally identical smal
27、l holes arranged in Archimedean spirals 2.11.3.2 Tandem-scanning confocal microscope Nipkow disc confocal microscope (2.11.3) in which the illuminating light and the detected light pass through separate holes 2.11.4 spectral confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) in which a spectrum is recor
28、ded corresponding to spatial positions in an object 2.11.5 theta confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) in which two objectives positioned at an angle, , with respect to one another, and with focal points coincident in the object, are used for excitation and collection respectively 2.11.6 wh
29、ite-light confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) using an illumination source and a detector operating throughout the visible spectrum Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for
30、Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 2.11.7 confocal point spread function product of the point spread functions (2.35) of the illuminating and detecting optical systems in a confocal
31、microscope (2.11) 2.11.8 confocal volume effective volume around each point in the object which gives rise to the image in a confocal microscope (2.11) 2.11.9 4 Pi confocal microscope confocal microscope (2.11) in which two opposing objective lenses with focal points coincident in the object are use
32、d to produce interference in the focal region from which an image signal is derived, and with further processing produces an image with enhanced axial resolution (2.5) 2.12 deconvolution microscopy mathematical method for reducing blur, performed either in the spatial domain, or in the frequency dom
33、ain by inverse filtering techniques NOTE If the deconvolution is based solely on theoretical as opposed to measured values it is known as blind deconvolution. 2.13 digitally enhanced contrast contrast enhanced by manipulation of the intensity and/or colour values in a digital image (2.14) 2.14 digit
34、al image image in which the information is in the form of binary or other machine code 2.15 electronic image image in which the information is in the form of electrical signals 2.16 extended depth of field microscopy microscopy in which the point spread function (2.35) is modified in a known fashion
35、 such that it becomes substantially invariant over an extended focal range, and by further processing results in an image with extended depth of field 2.17 extended focus image image processing two-dimensional image derived by summing the pixel intensity values in a projection through an image stack
36、 (2.28.1) 2.18 fluorescence correlation microscopy microscopy in which time-dependant intensity fluctuations occurring within a confocal volume (2.11.8) are used to calculate the mobility of fluorescent molecules 2.19 fluorescence in-situ hybridisation microscopy FISH microscopy in which chromosomes
37、 or specific positions within chromosomes can be fluorescently labelled by in-situ hybridisation Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction
38、 or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-2:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reserved 2.20 fluorescence life-time imaging FLIM imaging method based on discriminating characteristic fluorescence decay rates 2.21 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching FRAP technique in which a
39、 region in the object is irradiated to deplete its fluorescence, the subsequent recovery of fluorescence in the irradiated region being measured 2.22 fluorescence resonance energy transfer Frster resonance energy transfer FRET non-radiative transfer of energy between two fluorophores in close proxim
40、ity 2.23 frame averaging averaging the pixel values from sequential images recorded under identical conditions NOTE Used to increase signal-to-noise ratio. 2.24 image intensifier device which increases the dynamic range of a signal to match the range of the detector 2.25 linear array sensor detector
41、 in the form of a line of sensitive elements 2.26 maximum intensity image image processing two-dimensional image derived from the maximum pixel intensity values in a projection through an image stack (2.28.1) 2.27 microchannel plate device positioned in front of a detector array to multiply incoming
42、 photon flux by secondary emission 2.28 multidimensional image data set image data generated by recording data from a sample using several parameters, e.g., three-space dimensions, wavelength, time, polarization 2.28.1 image stack multidimensional image data set (2.28) acquired from a three-dimensio
43、nal region of an object 2.28.2 focus series Z stack image stack (2.28.1) acquired at different focal positions 2.29 multi-mode fibre optical fibre that can sustain more than one transverse electromagnetic mode Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license wit
44、h ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 08:26:00 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 10934-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 5 2.30 multi-photon fluorescence fluorescence excitation by the simultaneous absor
45、ption of multiple coherent photons 2.30.1 multi-photon fluorescence microscopy microscopy in which the image is formed by multi-photon fluorescence (2.30) NOTE Since sufficient excitation intensity is achieved only in a limited focal volume, multi-photon fluorescence results in optical sectioning wi
46、thout the need for a confocal pinhole. It also permits excitation by longer wavelengths. 2.30.1.1 two-photon fluorescence multi-photon fluorescence (2.30) excited by pairs of coherent photons 2.31 optical section image from a thin region whose thickness within a thick object is defined by the axial
47、resolution (2.5) of the optical system 2.32 photobleaching destruction of fluorescing properties of molecules by light, resulting in reduced fluorescence of the sample 2.33 pinhole confocal microscopy diaphragm situated in a plane conjugate with the object, which restricts the area in the object pla
48、ne that is illuminated and/or from which light is collected 2.34 point detection detection of light collected from a restricted point-like area of an image 2.35 point spread function lens system mathematical expression of the distribution of the light amplitude or intensity in the image of a point source 2.36 Raman microscopy microscopy utilizing Raman scattering as the source of image information 2.37 ratio imaging forming an image in which the pixel values are obtained by dividing th