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1、 Reference number ISO 20501:2003(E) ISO 2003 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20501 First edition 2003-12-01 Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) Weibull statistics for strength data Cramiques techniques Statistiques Weibull des donnes de rsistance Copyright International Organiz
2、ation for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 20501:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accorda
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7、eva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not for Resale, 04/
8、12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 20501:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv 1 Scope1 2 Terms and definitions.1 2.1 Defect populations1 2.2 Mechanical testing2 2.3 Statistical terms 3 2.4 Weibull distributions.
9、4 3 Symbols .5 4 Significance and use 6 5 Method A: maximum likelihood parameter estimators for single flaw populations7 5.1 General.7 5.2 Censored data .7 5.3 Likelihood functions.7 5.4 Bias correction8 5.5 Confidence intervals.9 6 Method B: maximum likelihood parameter estimators for competing fla
10、w populations 11 6.1 General.11 6.2 Censored data .12 6.3 Likelihood functions.12 7 Procedure.13 7.1 Outlying observations13 7.2 Fractography .13 7.3 Graphical representation13 8 Test report16 Annex A (informative) Converting to material-specific strength distribution parameters17 Annex B (informati
11、ve) Illustrative examples19 Annex C (informative) Test specimens with unidentified fracture origin.26 Annex D (informative) Fortran program .29 Bibliography .33 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not for
12、 Resale, 04/12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 20501:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The w
13、ork of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-govern
14、mental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The
15、 main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
16、 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 20501 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics. Copyright International Org
17、anization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20501:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Fine ceramics
18、 (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) Weibull statistics for strength data 1 Scope This International Standard covers the reporting of uniaxial strength data and the estimation of probability distribution parameters for advanced ceramics which fail in a brittle fashion. The failure stren
19、gth of advanced ceramics is treated as a continuous random variable. Typically, a number of test specimens with well-defined geometry are brought to failure under well-defined isothermal loading conditions. The load at which each specimen fails is recorded. The resulting failure stresses are used to
20、 obtain parameter estimates associated with the underlying population distribution. This International Standard is restricted to the assumption that the distribution underlying the failure strengths is the two-parameter Weibull distribution with size scaling. Furthermore, this International Standard
21、 is restricted to test specimens (tensile, flexural, pressurized ring, etc.) that are primarily subjected to uniaxial stress states. Subclauses 5.4 and 5.5 outline methods of correcting for bias errors in the estimated Weibull parameters, and to calculate confidence bounds on those estimates from da
22、ta sets where all failures originate from a single flaw population (i.e., a single failure mode). In samples where failures originate from multiple independent flaw populations (e.g., competing failure modes), the methods outlined in 5.4 and 5.5 for bias correction and confidence bounds are not appl
23、icable. Measurements of the strength at failure are taken for one of two reasons: either for a comparison of the relative quality of two materials, or the prediction of the probability of failure (or alternatively the fracture strength) for a structure of interest. This International Standard permit
24、s estimates of the distribution parameters which are needed for either. In addition, this International Standard encourages the integration of mechanical property data and fractographic analysis. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.
25、1 Defect populations 2.1.1 censored strength data strength measurements (i.e., a sample) containing suspended observations such as that produced by multiple competing or concurrent flaw populations NOTE Consider a sample where fractography clearly established the existence of three concurrent flaw d
26、istributions (although this discussion is applicable to a sample with any number of concurrent flaw distributions). The three concurrent flaw distributions are referred to here as distributions A, B, and C. Based on fractographic analyses, each specimen strength is assigned to a flaw distribution th
27、at initiated failure. In estimating parameters that characterize the strength distribution associated with flaw distribution A, all specimens (and not just those that failed from type-A flaws) must be incorporated in the analysis to assure efficiency and accuracy of the resulting parameter estimates
28、. The strength of a specimen that failed by a type-B (or type-C) flaw is treated as a right censored observation relative to the A flaw distribution. Failure due to a type-B (or type-C) flaw restricts, or censors, the information concerning type-A flaws in a specimen by suspending the test before fa
29、ilure occurs by a type-A flaw 2. The strength from the most severe type-A flaw in those specimens that failed from type-B (or type-C) flaws is higher than (and thus to the right of) the observed strength. However, no information is provided regarding the magnitude of that difference. Censored data a
30、nalysis techniques incorporated in this International Standard utilize this incomplete information to provide efficient and relatively unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Pet
31、roleum/5943408001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 20501:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 2.1.2 competing failure modes distinguishably different types of fracture initiation events that result from concurrent (co
32、mpeting) flaw distributions 2.1.3 compound flaw distributions any form of multiple flaw distribution that is neither pure concurrent, nor pure exclusive NOTE A simple example is where every specimen contains the flaw distribution A, while some fraction of the specimens also contains a second indepen
33、dent flaw distribution B. 2.1.4 concurrent flaw distributions a type of multiple flaw distribution in a homogeneous material where every specimen of that material contains representative flaws from each independent flaw population NOTE Within a given specimen, all flaw populations are then present c
34、oncurrently and are competing with each other to cause failure. This term is synonymous with “competing flaw distributions”. 2.1.5 exclusive flaw distributions a type of multiple flaw distribution created by mixing and randomizing specimens from two or more versions of a material where each version
35、contains a different single flaw population NOTE Thus, each specimen contains flaws exclusively from a single distribution, but the total data set reflects more than one type of strength-controlling flaw. This term is synonymous with “mixture flaw distributions”. 2.1.6 extraneous flaws strength-cont
36、rolling flaws observed in some fraction of test specimens that cannot be present in the component being designed NOTE An example is machining flaws in ground bend specimens that will not be present in as-sintered components of the same material. 2.2 Mechanical testing 2.2.1 effective gauge section t
37、hat portion of the test specimen geometry included within the limits of integration (volume, area or edge length) of the Weibull distribution function NOTE In tensile specimens, the integration may be restricted to the uniformly stressed central gauge section, or it may be extended to include transi
38、tion and shank regions. 2.2.2 fractography the analysis and characterization of patterns generated on the fracture surface of a test specimen NOTE Fractography can be used to determine the nature and location of the critical fracture origin causing catastrophic failure in an advanced ceramic test sp
39、ecimen or component. 2.2.3 proof testing applying a predetermined load to every test specimen (or component) in a batch or a lot over a short period of time to ascertain if the specimen fails due to a serious strength limiting defect NOTE This procedure, when applied to all specimens in the sample,
40、removes potentially weak specimens and modifies the statistical characteristics of the surviving samples. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 00:42:21 MDTNo reproduction or netw
41、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 20501:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3 2.3 Statistical terms 2.3.1 confidence interval interval within which one would expect to find the true population parameter NOTE Confidence intervals are functionally dependent on the type of estimator
42、utilized and the sample size. The level of expectation is associated with a given confidence level. When confidence bounds are compared to the parameter estimate one can quantify the uncertainty associated with a point estimate of a population parameter. 2.3.2 confidence level probability that the t
43、rue population parameter falls within a specified confidence interval 2.3.3 estimator well-defined function that is dependent on the observations in a sample NOTE The resulting value for a given sample may be an estimate of a distribution parameter (a point estimate) associated with the underlying p
44、opulation. The arithmetic average of a sample is, e.g., an estimator of the distribution mean. 2.3.4 population totality of potential observations about which inferences are made 2.3.5 population mean the average of all potential measurements in a given population weighted by their relative frequenc
45、ies in the population 2.3.6 probability density function function f (x) is a probability density function for the continuous random variable X if f (x) W 0 (1) and ( )1f x dx = (2) NOTE The probability that the random variable X assumes a value between a and b is given by ()( ) b a Pr aXbf x dx (4)
46、or f (x) = 0 when x u 0 (5) and the cumulative distribution function is given by ( )1expwhen0 m x F xx = (6) or F(x) = 0 when x u 0 (7) where m is the Weibull modulus (or the shape parameter) ( 0); is the Weibull scale parameter ( 0) NOTE 1 The random variable representing uniaxial tensile strength
47、of an advanced ceramic will assume only positive values, and the distribution is asymmetrical about the mean. These characteristics rule out the use of the normal distribution (as well as others) and point to the use of the Weibull and similar skewed distributions. If the random variable representin
48、g uniaxial tensile strength of an advanced ceramic is characterized by Equations 4 to 7, then the probability that this advanced ceramic will fail under an applied uniaxial tensile stress is given by the cumulative distribution function f 1 expwhen0 m P = (8) Pf = 0 when u 0 (9) where Pf is the probability of failure; is the Weibull characteristic strength. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 Not