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1、 Reference number ISO 4575:2007(E) ISO 2007 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4575 Third edition 2007-05-01 Plastics Poly(vinyl chloride) pastes Determination of apparent viscosity using the Severs rheometer Plastiques Ptes de poly(chlorure de vinyle) Dtermination de la viscosit apparente au rhomtre Severs
2、 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF
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6、ISO 2007 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in t
7、he country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS u
8、nder license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope . 1 2 Principle. 1 3 Apparatus
9、1 4 Procedure 4 4.1 Choice of test pressures and die 4 4.2 Introduction of the paste and control of the temperature 4 4.3 Regulation of the test pressure. 4 4.4 Determination 4 5 Calculations. 5 5.1 Calculation of flow rates 5 5.2 Calculation of shear rates and apparent viscosities. 5 6 Expression o
10、f results . 6 7 Test report . 8 Annex A (informative) Formul for non-Newtonian fluids 9 Bibliography. 10 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo repr
11、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards
12、 is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take p
13、art in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to
14、 prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility t
15、hat some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4575 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 9, Thermoplastic materials. This third edition cancels and
16、 replaces the second edition (ISO 4575:1985), which has been technically revised. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or networking
17、permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4575:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Plastics Poly(vinyl chloride) pastes Determination of apparent viscosity using the Severs rheometer 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the apparent visc
18、osity, at high shear, of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pastes prepared from PVC paste polymers and plasticizers, using the Severs rheometer. It applies in particular to “standard pastes” prepared in accordance with ISO 4612 or ISO 11468. 2 Principle A sample of the paste is placed in a Severs rheometer
19、 and the jacket set to a defined temperature. The flow rate of the paste through a calibrated die is measured at different pressures. The shear rate and apparent viscosity are calculated for each flow rate corresponding to each of the pressures applied. Optionally, a graph of apparent viscosity as a
20、 function of the shear rate can be prepared. 3 Apparatus 3.1 Severs rheometer, of capacity 500 ml to 1 000 ml, of one of the two basic designs shown in Figure 1, and consisting essentially of the following components: 3.1.1 Measuring vessel, for example a stainless-steel or bronze cylinder with poli
21、shed internal surfaces to which can be fixed both a base having an orifice in which can be placed a die, and a cover which can be connected to the source of pressure or to the atmosphere. The whole shall be airtight. 3.1.2 Jacket, connected to a system for temperature control which allows the conten
22、ts of the body of the measuring vessel to be maintained at a temperature of (23 0,5) C. 3.1.3 Non-deformable die, for example of stainless steel or PTFE, consisting of a cylindrical tube which can be fitted in airtight fashion to the bottom of the measuring vessel. The outer and internal surfaces of
23、 the tube shall be polished. The die is defined by the diameter and the height of the tube. Two dies, A and B, are specified in the application of this International Standard. The dimensions of the dies are given in Table 1. Table 1 Dimensions of the dies Dimensions in millimetres Dimension Die A Di
24、e B Radius of tube 1,5 0,05 1,5 0,05 Height 45 0,5 22,5 0,5 3.1.4 Piston (if necessary), of rigid plastic material with a diameter slightly less than that of the measuring vessel to prevent the fluid, under pressure, from passing directly through the die in the case of pastes which cavitate. (Its us
25、e also simplifies the cleaning of the instrument.) A sketch of the piston is given in Figure 2. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction
26、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved Key 1 temperature-regulating fluid out 6 cylinder 2 lid 7 jacket 3 PTFE washer 8 die clamp 4 clamped joint 9 temperature-regulating fluid in 5 threaded joint 10 die Figure 1 Diagram showing the bas
27、ic principles of two types of Severs rheometer Dimensions in millimetres Figure 2 Piston Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or netw
28、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 3.1.5 Pressurizing device, consisting of a cylinder of pressurized nitrogen, an expansion chamber with pressure gauges, and a number of valves. An example is shown in Figure 3. Key C valve H Severs rheome
29、ter D valve I die E pressurized-nitrogen inlet valve J expansion chamber F valve to atmosphere K nitrogen cylinder G pressure gauges (with different scales) L pressure reduction valve Figure 3 Example of pressurizing device 3.2 Beakers, of capacity about 50 ml. 3.3 Timer, accurate to 0,1 s. 3.4 Bala
30、nce, accurate to 0,5 g. 3.5 Thermometer, capable of measuring a temperature of (23 0,5) C. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or ne
31、tworking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reserved 4 Procedure 4.1 Choice of test pressures and die Depending on the test paste and its intended use, choose at least four pressures in the following list of preferred numbers: 100 kPa, 160 kPa, 250 kPa, 4
32、00 kPa, 630 kPa, 1 000 kPa, 1 600 kPa, 2 500 kPa 1). Conduct a test with die A and a pressure of 2 500 kPa. From the measured flow rate qm (see 5.1), calculate as indicated in 5.2 the corresponding shear rate: if the shear rate is more than 1 000 s1, tests shall be carried out with die A; if the she
33、ar rate is less than or equal to 1 000 s1, tests shall be carried out with die B. 4.2 Introduction of the paste and control of the temperature Position the base together with the appropriate die (see 3.1.3) and introduce the paste to be tested into the measuring vessel (3.1.1). If necessary, place t
34、he piston (3.1.4) on the paste. Bring the temperature of the paste to (23 0,5) C by circulating water maintained at that temperature in the jacket (3.1.2) (generally 5 min is sufficient). Screw down the lid and connect it to the pressurizing device (3.1.5). 4.3 Regulation of the test pressure Start
35、the tests at the lowest pressure. Regulate the pressure to 10 kPa according to the device used. In the case of the example given in Figure 3, proceed in the following manner: Close valves E and F, open valves C and D, and operate the pressure reduction valve L progressively until the pressure readin
36、g on the gauge having the higher scale range (C) is practically equal to the desired value. Then read the pressure on the gauge having the lower scale range (D) and carefully regulate the pressure to the desired value to the nearest 10 kPa. Operate in the same way when regulating the other test pres
37、sures, but without opening valve D for pressures above its maximum gauge reading. 4.4 Determination 4.4.1 Weigh three 50 ml beakers (3.2) to the nearest 0,5 g. Clean the exit orifice of the die and open valve E to admit nitrogen under pressure to the rheometer. Under pressure, the paste will pass th
38、rough the die. Make sure that the pressure does not vary; regulate, if necessary, by operating the pressure reduction valve L. Place a weighed beaker under the emerging paste stream and at the same time start the timer (3.3). When the mass of paste obtained is at least 10 g, remove the beaker and st
39、op the timer simultaneously; note the time of flow t1 in seconds to the nearest 0,1 s. (If the amount is insufficient at the end of 2 min, abandon the test at this pressure and carry it out under greater pressure.) 1) 1 kPa = 1 kN/m2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided
40、by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 5 Repeat the measurements with the other two weighed beakers
41、in turn, designating the corresponding flow times t2 and t3. Close the pressurized-nitrogen inlet valve E and open the valve to atmosphere F in order to arrest the flow of paste. Weigh the containers, determining the masses of paste m1, m2 and m3, in grams, to the nearest 0,5 g. 4.4.2 Close the valv
42、e to atmosphere F and regulate the pressure to its new value. Repeat the test under the conditions specified in 4.4.1. 4.4.3 After testing, clean the rheometer, avoiding the use of fluffy materials. 5 Calculations 5.1 Calculation of flow rates For each one of the test pressures, calculate the flow r
43、ates qm1, qm2, and qm3, in grams per second, corresponding to the measurements, using the equations 1 1 1 m m q t = 2 2 2 m m q t = 3 3 3 m m q t = where m1, m2 and m3 and t1, t2 and t3 have the same meanings as in 4.4.1. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the three values, i.e. the flow rate qm, in g
44、rams per second, corresponding to the test pressure. 5.2 Calculation of shear rates and apparent viscosities For each of the values of flow rate qm (calculated as indicated in 5.1), calculate the shear rate and apparent viscosity using the formulae shown in Table 2 (see Notes 1 and 2): Table 2 Formu
45、l for shear rate and apparent viscosity Quantity Any die Die A Die B Shear rate, (s1) 3 4 m q r 377 m q Apparent viscosity, app (Pas) 4 3 10 8 m r p hq 3 44 10 m p q 3 88 10 m p q Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1
46、111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 05/16/2007 01:13:29 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4575:2007(E) 6 ISO 2007 All rights reserved where r is the radius of the cylindrical tube of the die, in centimetres; h is the height of the cylindrical tube
47、 of the die, in centimetres; p is the test pressure, in kilopascals; qm is the paste flow rate at pressure p, in grams per second (calculated as indicated in 5.1); is the density of the paste at 23 C, in grams per cubic centimetre. NOTE 1 Strictly speaking, these formulae are applicable only to Newt
48、onian fluids. Nevertheless, they have been applied to PVC pastes because they are easy to use and the values determined are sufficiently accurate for the purpose intended. The exact formul are given, for information, in Annex A. NOTE 2 The shear force is equal to and can be calculated for each test pressure using the equation = pr/2h. 6 Expression of results Indicate t