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1、International Standard 233 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIDNMEXAYHAPOAHAR OPrAHH3Al all these considerations are, however, ignored by the machine performing the function. The adoption of this International Standard for international cdmmunication leaves every country free to adopt for i
2、ts own use a national standard which may be different, on condition that it be compatible with this International Standard. The system proposed herein should make this possible; and be acceptable for international use if the graphisms it creates are such that they may be converted automatically into
3、 the graphisms used in any strict national system. This International Standard may be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of the original text in a persons own la
4、nguage; but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the original graphism and thus allow any one who has a knowledge of the original language to pronounce it correctly. Similarly one can only pronounce correctly a text written in for example, English or Polish, if one has a knowledge of En
5、glish or Polish. The adoption of national standards compatible with this Inter- national Standard will permit the representation, in an interna- tional publication, of the morphemes of each language accord- ing to the customs of the country where it is spoken. It will be possible to simplify this re
6、presentation in order to take into account the number of the character sets available on different kinds of machines. 0.2 General principles of conversion of writing systems 0.2.1 Definitions and methods 0.2.1 .I The words in a language, which are written according to a given script (the converted s
7、ystem), sometimes have to be rendered according to a different system (the conversion system), normally used for a different language. This operation is often followed for historical or geographical texts, car- tographical documents and in particular for bibliographical work in every case where it i
8、s necessary to write words supplied in various alphabets in a manner that allows intercalation with other words in a single alphabet so as to enable a uniform alphabetization to be made in bibliographies, catalogues, indices, toponymic lists, etc. It is indispensable in that it permits the univocal
9、transmission of a written message between two countries using different writing systems or exchanging a message the writing of which is different fiom their own. It thereby permits transmission by manual, mechanical, as well as electronic means. The two basic methods of conversion of a system of wri
10、ting are transliteration and transcription. 0.2.1.2 Transliteration is the operation which consists of representing the characters11 of an entirely alphabetical system of writing by the characters of the conversion alphabet. In principle, this conversion should be made character by character: each c
11、haracter of the alphabet converted is rendered by one character, and one only, of the conversion alphabet, this being the easiest way to ensure the complete and unambiguous reversibility of the conversion alphabet in the converted alphabet. When the number of characters used in the conversion system
12、 is smaller than the number of characters of the converted system, it is necessary to use digraph or diacritical marks. In this case one must avoid as far as possible arbitrary choice and 1) A character is an element of a system of writing, whether or not alphabetical, that represents a phoneme, a s
13、yllable, the word or even prosodical characteristics of the language by using graphical symbols (letters, diacritical marks, syllabic signs, punctuation marks, prosodical accents, etc.) or a combination of these signs (a letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example d, 6, 6, is therefor
14、e a character in the same way as a basic letter). 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:13:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -
15、,-,- IS0 233-1994 (EI the use of purely conventional marks, and try to maintain a cer- tain phonetic logic in order to give the system a wide accep- tance. However, it must be accepted that the graphism obtained may not always be correctly pronounced according to the phonetic habits of the language
16、(or of all the languages) which usually use(s) the conversion alphabet. On the other hand this graphism must be such that the reader who has a knowledge of the converted language may mentally restore unequivocally the original graphism and thus pronounce it correctly. 0.2.1.3 Retransliteration is th
17、e operation which consists of converting the characters of an alphabet of conversion to those of the alphabet converted. This operation is the exact opposite of transliteration; it is carried out by applying the rules of a system of transliteration in reverse order so as to reconstitute the translit
18、erated word to its original form. 0.2.1.4 Transcription is the operation which consists of representing the characters of a language, whatever the original system of writing, by the phonetic system of letters or signs of the conversion language. A transcription system is of necessity based on the or
19、tho- graphical conventions of a conversion language and its alphabet. The users of a transcription system must therefore have a knowledge of the conversion language to be able to pro- nounce the characters correctly. Transcription is not strictly reversible. Transcription may be used for the convers
20、ion of all writing systems. It is the only method that can be used for systems that are not entirely alphabetical and for all ideophonographical systems of writing (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). 0.2.1.5 To carry out romanization (the conversion of non- Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet) it is
21、possible to use either transliteration or transcription or a combination of these two methods, according to the nature of the system converted. 0.2.2 A conversion system proposed for international use may call for compromise and the sacrifice of certain national customs. It is therefore necessary fo
22、r each community of users to accept concessions, fully abstaining in every case from im- posing as a matter of course solutions that are actually justified only by national practice (for example as regards pronuncia- tion, orthography, etc.). When a country uses two systems univocally convertible on
23、e into the other to write its own language, the system of transliteration .thus implemented must be taken a priori as a basis for the international standardized system, as far as it is compatible with the other principles exposed hereafter. 0.2.3 Where necesary, the conversion systems should specify
24、 an equivalent for each character, not only the letters but also the punctuation marks, numbers, etc. They should similarly take into account the arrangement of the sequence of characters that make up the text, for example the direction of the script, and specify the way of distinguishing words and
25、of using separation signs and capital letters, following as closely as possible the customs of the language(s) which use the con- verted writing system. 0.3 Principles of conversion for alphabetical writing systems 0.3.1. The conversion may be made at various levels. The first level is that of compl
26、etely reversible stringent con- version which is necessary to attain in full the aims given in clause 1. This conversion applies all principles of conversion without exception. It does not permit variants. The conven- tional systems of stringent conversion should be applied as such without any chang
27、e to meet national or regional customs as regards pronunciation or orthography. They are the only ones permitting the univocal international transmission of messages by mechanical or electronic means. The second level is that of simplified conversion. This simplification may be made necessary, for e
28、xample, by the use of machines that do not accept all the alphabet characters required for stringent conversion. This method of conversion may allow national or regional variants, which may not permit complete reversibility. The simplified conversion may be the subject of international agreements. T
29、he third level is that of popular conversion which, for exam- ple, should enable the same foreign names to be written in a uniform manner in the newspapers of a given country. It is obliged to take into account, for example, phonetic practice, and therefore can only be national. To permit an interna
30、tionally unequivocal communication, Inter- national Standards on transliteration must apply the principles of stringent conversion. They, then, can be used as a basis for the establishment of rules for simplified conversion and for preparation of national standards. 0.3.2 In cases where the same cha
31、racters are used in different languages, these characters should be transliterated in the same way, irrespective of the language they belong to. 0.3.3 If the converted alphabet gives a different form to the same character according to its place in the word (as is the case for example in the Arabic,
32、Hebrew and Greek alphabets), the conversion alphabet will use only one character of constant form. 1 Scope and field of application This International Standard establishes a system for the transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters follow- ing the principles of stringent conversion i
33、n order to permit in- ternational information exchange. 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:13:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
34、 IHS -,-,- IS0 233-1994 (E) 2 Transliteration table 2.1 Preliminary notice The proposed transliteration system is a stringent one specify- ing an equivalent for each character, pronounced or not. It en- sures a complete reversibility of Latin characters in the Arabic alphabet. As Arabic is usually w
35、ritten in an incomplete way (i.e. without vowels), the following three methods are to be considered: a) the Arabic text supplies vowels: it will be entirely transliterated; b) the Arabic text does not supply vowels: only those characters appearing in the text are transliterated; c) a modification ma
36、y nevertheless be necessary: in some cases the words and especially the names of authors (in library catalogues, bibliographic reference lists etc.) shall be reproduced. In such cases, the vowels and diphthongs sup- plied in table 2 (characters 30 to 32) shall be reproduced, ex- cept those which hav
37、e only a flexional function in nominal forms. It should be remembered that, as a general principle of transliteration, the phonetic value of encountered characters is not principally taken into account. The concrete application of the modification mentioned in cl will be subsequently detailed on the
38、 basis of the tables in this International Standard, which are valid for cases where only written characters are considered and therefore where rever- sibility may be complete. 3 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical S
39、tandards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:13:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 233-1994 (E) 2.2 Tables (The notes referred to in the tables are given in 2.3.) Table 1 - Consonants No. 1 la Arabic Transliteration into character Latin character
40、I - (See Nos3Oand35) T a (See note 2) No. Arabic Transliteration into character Latin character 16 “, ; f dL, biliayli (biliay”l) , 5 . 4 Ta, mar“bowfai Rendered by i in all ; : , .( madiynatti (madiynai) (TB marb$ah) positions. . 6 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided b
41、y IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:13:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 233-1964 (El Annex Diacritical signs used (This annex does not form part of this standard.) The diacritical si
42、gns used in this International Standard are taken from the code table of IS0 5426. The following table indicates their position in the code table. Table No 1 Position in the code table t No. 1 Position in the code table 1 3/l la 3/l and 413 2 216 or 5110 5 518 6 4115 7 516 a 518 10 518 14 4116 15 51
43、6 16 516 17 516 ia 516 19 3/o 20 417 27a 418 29a 4/l 30 412 and 3/l 30a 415 30b 4/l, 412 and 415 31 412, 4110 32 412, 4110 33 4110 34 416 35 3/l and 415 7 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:13:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-