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1、Reference number ISO 6486-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6486-1 Second edition 1999-12-15 Ceramic ware, glass-ceramic ware and glass dinnerware in contact with food Release of lead and cadmium Part 1: Test method Articles en cramique, vaisselle en vitro-cramique et vaisselle plate en
2、verre en contact avec les aliments mission de plomb et de cadmium Partie 1: Mthode dessai Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networkin
3、g permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on t
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6、orm the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
7、either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 1999 All rights reserved Copyright Internatio
8、nal Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reservediii ContentsPage 1Sc
9、ope 1 2Normative references1 3Terms and definitions .1 4Principle3 5Reagents and materials 4 6Apparatus.5 7Sampling.5 8Procedure.6 9Expression of results 8 10Reproducibility and variability .9 11Test report10 Bibliography11 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS und
10、er license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) iv ISO 1999 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a w
11、orldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
12、on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafte
13、d in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. A
14、ttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 6486 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 6486-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 166,Ceramic ware,
15、 glassware and glass ceramic ware in contact with food. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6486-1:1981), which has been technically revised. The current revision has updated the technical procedures and has brought the permissible limits for metal release in line with cu
16、rrent regulatory limits in major markets and in harmony with as many regional or national standards as practical. ISO 6486 consists of the following parts, under the general titleCeramic ware, glass-ceramic ware and glass dinnerware in contact with food Release of lead and cadmium: ?Part 1: Test met
17、hod ?Part 2: Permissible limits Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999
18、(E) ISO 1999 All rights reservedv Introduction Lead- and cadmium-release from ceramic and glassware surfaces is an issue which requires effective means of control to ensure the protection of the population against possible hazards arising from the use of improperly formulated and/or processed cerami
19、c, glass-ceramic and glass dinnerware used for the preparation, serving and storage of food and beverages. As a secondary consideration, different requirements from country to country for the control of the release of toxic materials from the surfaces of ceramic ware present non-tariff barriers to i
20、nternational trade in these commodities. Accordingly, there is a need to maintain internationally accepted methods of testing ware for lead- and cadmium-release, and to define permissible limits for the release of these toxic heavy metals. The limits for lead and cadmium release specified in this pa
21、rt of ISO 6486 are not intended to be regarded as the maximum amount of these metals to which exposure can be considered safe. They are levels which are consistent with good manufacturing practice in the respective industries, harmonize regulatory levels in principal world markets and reflect a gene
22、ral objective of reducing overall exposure to these metals. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fr
23、om IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 6486-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved1 Ceramic ware, glass-ceramic ware and glass dinnerware in contact with food Release of lead and cadmium Part 1: Test method 1Scope This part of ISO 6486 specifies a test method for the release of lead and cadmium from
24、 ceramic ware, glass- ceramic ware, and glass dinnerware intended to be used in contact with food, but excluding porcelain enamel articles. This part of ISO 6486 is applicable to ceramic ware, glass-ceramic ware, and glass dinnerware which is intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving
25、 and storage of food and beverages, excluding articles used in food manufacturing industries or those in which food is sold. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 6486. For dated ref
26、erences, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 6486 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated referen
27、ces, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 385-2:1984,Laboratory glassware Burettes Part 2: Burettes for which no waiting time is specified. ISO 648:1977,Laboratory glassware One-mar
28、k pipettes. ISO 1042:1998,Laboratory glassware One-mark volumetric flasks. ISO 3585:1998,Borosilicate glass 3.3 Properties. ISO 3696:1987,Water for analytical laboratory use Specifications and test methods. 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 6486, the following terms and def
29、initions apply. 3.1 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) spectroanalytical method for qualitative determination and quantitative evaluation of element concentrations wherein the technique determines these concentrations by measuring the atomic absorption of free atoms Copyright International Organiz
30、ation for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) 2 ISO 1999 All rights reserved 3.2 atomic absorption absorp
31、tion of electromagnetic radiation by free atoms in the gas phase wherein a line spectrum is obtained which is specific for the absorbing atoms 3.3 bracketing technique analytical method consisting of bracketing the measured absorption or machine reading of the sample between two measurements made on
32、 calibration solutions of neighbouring concentrations within the optimum working range 3.4 calibration function function relating atomic absorption instrument readings, either in absorption or in other machine units, to the concentration of lead or cadmium which generated the instrument reading 3.5
33、ceramic ware ceramic articles which are intended to be used in contact with foodstuffs, e.g. foodware made of china, porcelain and earthenware, whether glazed or not 3.6 cooking ware foodware, specifically intended to be heated in the course of preparation of food and drinks by conventional thermal
34、methods and by microwaves 3.7 dinnerware articles specially intended for the serving of food on the table, including plates, dishes and salad bowls, but excluding volumetric ware typically used for beverages, such as goblets and decanters 3.8 direct method of determination analytical method consisti
35、ng of inserting the measured absorption or machine reading into the calibration function and deducing the concentration of the analyte 3.9 drinking rim 20 mm wide section of the external surface of a drinking vessel, measured downwards from the upper edge along the wall of the vessel 3.10 extraction
36、 solution acetic acid, 4 % (V/V), recovered after the extraction test and which is analysed for lead and cadmium concentration 3.11 flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) atomic absorption spectrometry that uses a flame to create free atoms of the analyte in the gas phase 3.12 flatware ceramic
37、or glassware having an internal depth not exceeding 25 mm, measured from the lowest point to the horizontal plane passing through the point of overflow 3.13 foodware articles which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food or drinks Copyright International Org
38、anization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved3 3.14 glass ceramic inorga
39、nic material produced by the complete fusion of raw materials at high temperatures into a homogeneous liquid which is then cooled to a rigid condition and temperature treated in such a way as to produce a mostly micro- crystalline body 3.15 glass inorganic material produced by the complete fusion of
40、 raw materials at high temperature into a homogeneous liquid which is then cooled to a rigid condition, essentially without crystallization NOTEThe material may be clear, coloured, or opaque, depending on the level of colouring and opacifying agents used. 3.16 hollowware ceramic ware having an inter
41、nal depth greater than 25 mm, measured from the lowest point to the horizontal plane passing through the point of overflow. Hollowware is subdivided into three categories based on volume: ?small: hollowware with a capacity ? 1,1 l; ?large: hollowware with a capacity of W 1,1 l; ?storage: hollowware
42、with a capacity of W 3 l; ?cups and mugs: small ceramic hollowware commonly used for consumption of beverages, e.g., coffee or tea at elevated temperature. NOTEcups and mugs are vessels of approximately 240 ml capacity with a handle. Cups typically have curved sides whereas mugs have cylindrical sid
43、es. 3.17 optimum working range range of concentrations of an analyte over which the relationship between absorption and concentration is practically linear 3.18 reference surface area the area that is intended to come into contact with foodstuffs in normal use 3.19 test solution the solvent used in
44、the test to extract lead and cadmium from the article acetic acid, 4 % (V/V) 3.20 vitreous enameled ware metallic articles coated with a vitreous inorganic coating bonded by fusion at temperatures above 500 C 4Principle Silicate surfaces are placed in contact with 4 % (V/V) acetic acid solution for
45、24 h at (22 ? 2) C to extract lead and/or cadmium, if present, from the surfaces of the articles or test specimens. The amounts of extracted lead and cadmium are determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In routine tests other equivalent analysis methods may be used. Copyright Inter
46、national Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 07:06:30 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6486-1:1999(E) 4 ISO 1999 All rights reserved 5Reagents an
47、d materials 5.1Reagents All reagents shall be of recognized analytical grade. Distilled water or water of equivalent purity (grade 3 water complying with the requirements of ISO 3696) shall be used throughout. 5.1.1Acetic acid, (CH3COOH), glacial, ? = 1,05 g/ml. 5.1.2Acetic acid test solution, 4 ? (
48、V/V) solution Add 40 ml of acetic acid (5.1.1) to distilled water, and dilute to 1 l. This solution shall be freshly prepared for use. Proportionately greater quantities may be prepared. 5.1.3Lead stock solution Prepare analytical stock solutions containing 1 000 mg ? 1 mg of lead per litre in the test solution (5.1.2). Alternatively, an appropriate commercially available standardized lead AAS solutions may be used. 5.1.4Cadmium stock solution Prepare analytical stock soluti