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1、 Reference number ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1951 Third edition 2007- 02- 15 Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and information Prsentation/reprsentation des entres dans les dictionnaires Exigences, recommandations et inform
2、ation Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) PDF disclaimer Thi
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5、he PDF- creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2007 All rights res
6、erved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the reque
7、ster. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH- 1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E- mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO
8、 Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and
9、definitions.1 4 Formal description of dictionary entries.3 4.1 An overview of data elements and compositional elements3 4.1.1 Data elements 4 4.1.2 Hierarchical structures: dictionary and entries .8 4.1.3 Compositional elements.9 4.2 Formal structure of a dictionary entry 13 4.2.1 Formal grammar for
10、 high-level structures13 4.2.2 Formal grammar for other lexical unit containers .16 4.2.3 Formal grammar for blocks17 4.2.4 Formal grammar for other comment containers17 4.2.5 Formal grammar for lexical units.18 4.2.6 Formal grammar for comments .19 4.3 Content models .20 4.3.1 Content elements 20 4
11、.3.2 Embedded elements21 4.3.3 Basic elements 22 4.3.4 Pointer 23 4.3.5 Formal grammar for embedded containers23 4.3.6 Formal grammar for data category content24 4.4 General qualifiers 25 5 Means of presentation 25 5.1 Layout aids.25 5.1.1 General .25 5.1.2 Layout aids for dictionaries .25 5.2 Compa
12、cting mechanisms.26 5.2.1 General abbreviations.26 5.2.2 Abbreviated headword repetitions 26 5.2.3 Repeat symbols (Tilde or Dash).26 5.2.4 Nesting27 Annex A (informative) Arabic, Roman and Hellenic numbering system.28 Annex B (informative) Tables of functions of lexicographical symbols .30 Annex C (
13、informative) Examples of XML encoding.45 Annex D (informative) Assigning layout aids to dictionary components and compacting dictionary entries.68 Bibliography76 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wi
14、ng, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO memb
15、er bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, government
16、al and non- governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Direc
17、tives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodi
18、es casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1951 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other lang
19、uage and content resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1951:1997), the scope of which has been extended in order to address publishers and users needs by taking into account various types of
20、 electronic dictionaries and the constraints of single sourcing for producing dictionaries, as well as disseminating and reusing data in lexicographical practice. Real dictionary entries used as examples in this International Standard only illustrate the principles of XML representation of lexicogra
21、phical data and their associated presentations. They do not engage the publishers responsibility. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproductio
22、n or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved v Introduction General aim of this International Standard During the past decade, dictionary- making processes have undergone important changes due to the spread of electronic dictionaries. Consequ
23、ently, lexicographers are faced with a growing diversification of methods during dictionary preparation and publishing. This revised International Standard aims to support the creation and management of various types of dictionaries. It takes into account different ways of using dictionaries, especi
24、ally such new functionalities of electronic documents as hyperlinks. To allow dictionary content to be reused in different printed and electronic formats, lexicographers increasingly tend to create a single well- structured lexicographical source or data repository. In addition to reproducing all th
25、e typographical conventions described in the former edition of ISO 1951, this revised International Standard provides a specific model based on current best professional practices, in order to allow necessary production, exchange and management procedures. In the text of this International Standard,
26、 the use of the auxiliary verb “shall” indicates a requirement or specification that is to be met precisely as stated; the use of the auxiliary verb “should” indicates a recommendation of a good way to do something that is to be followed unless a better way can be demonstrated to have been adopted;
27、and the use of the auxiliary verb “can” indicates information that the user may find useful. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or
28、networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
29、 IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and information 1 Scope This International Standard deals with monolingual and multilingual, general and specialized dictionaries. It
30、 specifies a formal generic structure independent of the publishing media and it proposes means of presenting entries in print and electronic dictionaries. The relationship between the formal structure and the presentation of entries used by publishers and read by users is explained in examples prov
31、ided in the informative annexes. The objective of this International Standard is to facilitate the production, merging, comparison, extraction, exchange, dissemination and retrieval of lexicographical data in dictionaries. Following a lexicographical lemma- oriented approach, it does not deal with c
32、oncept- oriented works as defined in ISO 704. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any a
33、mendments) applies. ISO 704:2000, Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 1087- 1:2000, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 704 and ISO 1087- 1 and the following apply. These
34、definitions concern basic and unambiguous terms of dictionary structure and presentation, common in most types of dictionaries, which are within the scope of this International Standard. Terms considered specific to certain dictionaries have not been included here. 3.1 comment metalinguistic informa
35、tion describing a lexical unit (3.8) by means of lexicographical data elements (3.3) or compositional elements (3.2) 3.2 compositional element composite information unit made of elements NOTE There are three families of compositional elements: blocks (3.2.1), containers (3.2.2) and groups (3.2.3). C
36、opyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights res
37、erved 3.2.1 block factorizing structure compositional element (3.2) used to factorize elements (3.5) that are shared as refiners by many instances of a specific element NOTE Examples of blocks are provided in Tables 6 to 14. 3.2.2 container refining structure compositional element (3.2) used to supp
38、ly additional information about one single specific data element (3.3) by the mean of other elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A headword container is used for giving the pronunciation or the part of speech which refines a headword (3.6) which is itself the refined data element. NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 16642:20
39、03, C.4.5. NOTE 2 An example of a container is provided in Tables 4 and 5. 3.2.3 group compositional element (3.2) used to aggregate several independent elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A sense is described by a group of elements such as definition, subject field, etc. NOTE An example of a group is provided i
40、n Tables 15 and 16. 3.3 data element data category unit of data for which the definition, identification, representation, and permissible values are specified by means of a set of attributes ISO/IEC 11179- 1:2004, definition 3.3.8 NOTE Lists of data elements are provided in Tables 1 and 2. 3.4 dicti
41、onary entry lexicographical entry entry part of a dictionary which contains information related to one lemma (3.7) and its variants 3.5 element any data element (3.3) or compositional element (3.2) 3.6 headword entry word lemma (3.7) that serves as the heading for an entry in a dictionary 3.7 lemma
42、base word lexical unit (3.8) chosen according to lexicographical conventions to represent the different forms of an inflectional paradigm EXAMPLE “Sell” is the lemma of the paradigm “sells, sold, selling, etc.” Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license wi
43、th ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 04:04:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 3.8 lexical unit unit of language, belonging to the lexicon of a given language an
44、d which is described or mentioned in a dictionary 3.9 lexicographical symbol letter, punctuation mark, other typographical or graphic symbol or group of symbols or any combination thereof used to represent certain lexicographical or terminological data as displayed or output either singularly or in
45、conjunction with another item of lexicographical data 3.10 nested entry grouping structure for related dictionary entries that share a common headword 4 Formal description of dictionary entries For the sake of clarity, the following formal model, thereafter called XmLex, is illustrated by short exam
46、ples encoded according to an XML Definition Type Document called XmLex_V00 (for more information, see informative Annex C). 4.1 An overview of data elements and compositional elements Dictionary entries can be seen as comments about topics, that are lexical units. An entry has a main topic (the head
47、word); other topics (e.g. variants, translations) are said to be “related topics”. Topics and comments are data elements. Each data element has a content model. Data elements are grouped into compositional elements in order to produce an unambiguous and fully computable entry. Open lists of data ele
48、ments and compositional elements are provided herein, and are extendable by the user for specific purposes. Printed dictionaries generally use typographical conventions (normal/bold/italic), spatial disposition (before/after) and punctuation (comma or semicolon) to indicate relations between topics and comments. In the XmLex model, the position of an element is never used for expressing relations between two elements, there are no markers equivalent to typographical signs (comma o