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1、Reference number ISO 6328:2000(E) ISO 2000 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6328 Second edition 2000-05-01 Photography Photographic materials Determination of ISO resolving power Photographie Surfaces sensibles Dtermination du pouvoir rsolvant ISO Copyright International Organization for Standardization P
2、rovided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes l
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5、 been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2000 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be r
6、eproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 4
7、1 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2000 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007
8、04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservediii ContentsPage Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1Scope 1 2Normative references1 3Terms and definitions .1 4Sampling and storage .3 5Test method3 6Product classification .13 7Pr
9、oduct marking and labelling.14 Annex A (informative) Illustration of an example of a resolving-power camera 15 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo repr
10、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) iv ISO 2000 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards
11、 is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take p
12、art in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by th
13、e technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
14、 patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 6328 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42,Photography. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6328:1982), which has been technically revised.
15、In this revision, the description of the process of evaluating images has been expanded. The specifications of the resolving power cameras objectives have been altered slightly, and the illustration of a resolving-power camera has been moved to informative annex A. The text describing qualification
16、of the camera has been expanded to include the target. This second edition also contains many other changes, most of which were made for the sake of clarity of understanding.Among these changes is a clarification of part of the scope.The definitions have also been expanded; some terms have been subs
17、tituted for others in order for their usage to be more consistent and their meaning to be clearer.The term “element” has been introduced in place of “test pattern” and “tribar resolving- power target” replaces “test chart”. Other terms introduced or clearly defined include “target polarity”, “limiti
18、ng element” and “ISO resolving power”. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction
19、 or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservedv Introduction The resolving power of a photographic material is used to estimate the smallest detail that may be visually observable when recorded on the material. It combines the effects of modulat
20、ion transfer function, graininess and contrast, all of which contribute to overall image quality, and human observers, each of whom may differ in their assessment of quality.The method is particularly useful for appraising materials that will be viewed at high magnification such as microfilm, 8 mm a
21、nd 16 mm motion picture film, etc. However, resolving power should not be expected to predict overall image quality in every situation, because image quality is too complex to be described by a single factor. This is particularly the case for low-contrast continuous-tone products. Resolving power as
22、 measured by photographing suitable tribar resolving-power targets is very dependent on conditions of measurement, and the structure of the target element.It depends markedly on the photographic conditions employed and on the presence of background glare from the illuminated target. It is affected b
23、y such factors as the spectral content of the light used, the exposure level, the focus, processing procedures, the lens aperture at which the test is made, the contrast of the target and the magnification of the camera lens and the microscope through which the images are observed, etc. The judgment
24、 exercised by the human observer in determining resolving power can be a source of significant experimental error.The criterion of resolution given in this International Standard was selected because it appeared to admit less latitude in interpretation than others. The description of the process of
25、evaluating images has been expanded in this revision. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
26、 -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 6328:2000(E) I
27、SO 2000 All rights reserved1 Photography Photographic materials Determination of ISO resolving power 1Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the resolving power of photographic films, plates and papers, including black-and-white films, black-and-white printing papers, c
28、olour-reversal films, colour-negative films, and colour-printing papers. Materials designed for X-ray and other high-energy radiation are excluded, as are photographic materials used in medical radiography where the exposure source is an intensifying screen in contact with the film (sensitized on on
29、e or two sides). Also excluded are materials having photo-polymer, diazo, etc. light-sensitive layers. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequ
30、ent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the l
31、atest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 497:1973,Guide to the choice of series of preferred numbers and of series containing more rounded values of preferred numbers. ISO 554:1976,Standard
32、atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications. 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 element three parallel bars and two spaces of equal width and separation 3.2 group number number of square dots preceding
33、 the array of elements which is used to locate a position on the tribar resolving- power target 3.3 tribar resolving-power target array of identical elements that decrease in size (geometrically), and typically spirals towards the centre of the target format 3.4 spatial period within an element of a
34、 tribar target, the distance between the leading edges of two consecutive bars NOTEThe spatial period is usually expressed in millimetres (mm). Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resal
35、e, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) 2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved 3.5 spatial frequency reciprocal of the spatial period denoting the number of identical bar and space pairs that can be contained within an overall width o
36、f 1 mm NOTEThe spatial frequency is expressed as reciprocal millimetres (cycles per millimetre). 3.6 contrast ratio ratio of the luminances of the bars of the element to the luminance of the surround or the antilog of the density difference between the bar and its surround 3.7 target polarity transm
37、ission relationship of the parallel bars and their surround 3.7.1 negative polarity light bars against a dark surround 3.7.2 positive polarity dark bars against a light surround 3.8 camera optical system by which the tribar resolving-power target is imaged and recorded, with suitable reduction in si
38、ze, on the photographic material being tested 3.9 reference surface flat surface against which the emulsion side of the photographic material is pressed during exposure 3.10 qualification ?camera? attainment of the necessary high optical performance of a camera, essential for its use in determining
39、resolving power 3.11 replicate set series of images of the tribar resolving-power target made at the same focus and exposure settings 3.12 exposure series series of images made at different exposure settings 3.13 focus series series of images made at different focus settings 3.14 resolving power abi
40、lity of a photographic material to maintain, in the developed image, the separate identity of parallel bars when their separation is small NOTEThe resolving power is numerically equal to the spatial frequency of the smallest element that can be resolved. Copyright International Organization for Stan
41、dardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 04:04:42 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6328:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 3.15 limiting element that element in the ima
42、ge of the tribar resolving-power target selected by the observer, with reasonable confidence, to be at the threshold of no longer being able to distinguish three bars and two spaces, even if the number were not known to be three 3.16 resolving power of a replicate set median of the resolving-powers
43、of the test material in images of the replicate set 3.17 maximum resolving power resolving power of the test material under conditions of optimum focus and exposure and the test conditions defined in this International Standard 3.18 ISO resolving power averaged maximum resolving power, rounded accor
44、ding to Table 5 and ISO 497 NOTEThere is an ISO high-contrast and an ISO low-contrast resolving power. 4Sampling and storage In determining the resolving power of a product, it is important that the samples evaluated yield the average results obtained by users. This will require evaluating several d
45、ifferent batches periodically under the conditions specified in this International Standard. Prior to evaluation, the samples shall be stored according to the manufacturers recommendations for a length of time that simulates the average age at which the product is normally used. When no specific rec
46、ommendation is made, storage shall comply with the specifications of ISO 554, 23 C ? 2 C and a relative humidity of (50 ? 5) %. Several independent evaluations shall be made to ensure the proper calibration of equipment and processes. The basic objective in selecting and storing samples as described
47、 above is to ensure that the material characteristics are representative of those obtained by a consumer at the time of use. 5Test method 5.1Principle The resolving power of a material is determined by visual inspection of the image of the tribar resolving-power target recorded on the test material
48、by means of a suitable camera system.It depends on the contrast ratio, polarity and exposure. The resolving power passes through a maximum as the exposure is changed from a value at the toe of the characteristic curve to a value toward the shoulder.Furthermore, the resolving power passes through a maximum as the focus setting is given successive values that vary from one side of the correct focus to the other. In brief, the procedure is to first determine the exposure that gives the best-reso