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1、Reference number ISO 3374:2000(E) ISO 2000 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3374 Third edition 2000-06-15 Reinforcement products Mats and fabrics Determination of mass per unit area Renforts Mats et tissus Dtermination de la masse surfacique ou grammage ISO 3374:2000(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may co
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4、arameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2000 All rights reserved. Unless othe
5、rwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyrigh
6、t office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2000 All rights reserved ISO 3374:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservediii ContentsPage Foreword.iv 1Scope 1 2Normative references1 3Term and d
7、efinition .1 4Principle1 5Apparatus.2 6Test specimens2 7Conditioning and test atmospheres 3 8Procedure.5 9Calculation and expression of results.5 10Test report5 Annex A (informative) Precision and bias 6 -,-,- ISO 3374:2000(E) iv ISO 2000 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organizat
8、ion for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established h
9、as the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Int
10、ernational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the
11、member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 3374 was prepared by Technical
12、 Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13, Composites and reinforcement fibres. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 3374:1990), which has been technically revised. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 337
13、4:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved1 Reinforcement products Mats and fabrics Determination of mass per unit area 1Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the mass per unit area of mats (either chopped- strand mat or continuous-strand mat) or fabrics which may be manuf
14、actured with glass or carbon or aramid yarns. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicat
15、ions do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to appli
16、es. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 291:1997, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. ISO 3344:1997, Reinforcement products Determination of moisture content. ISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measureme
17、nt methods and results Part 1: General principles and definitions. ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. 3Term and definition For the purp
18、oses of this International Standard, the following term and definition apply: 3.1 mass per unit area the ratio of the mass of a piece of mat or fabric of specified dimensions to the area NOTEThis mass includes both the strands and any other material protecting or binding the strands or yarns. 4Princ
19、iple The mass of a test specimen of known area is determined, and the mass per unit area calculated. ISO 3374:2000(E) 2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved 5Apparatus 5.1Polished metal template, which yields a test specimen with ?a square shape of area 1 000 cm2for mats; ?a square or circular shape of area
20、 100 cm2for fabrics. The permissible error in the area of the resulting specimens shall be 1 % or less. By agreement between the interested parties, a larger specimen may be used. In such cases, the shape and dimensions of the specimen shall be noted in the test report. 5.2Suitable cutting tool, for
21、 example knife, scissors, cutting disc or punch. 5.3Specimen holder, which provides optimum air circulation around the specimen, made from a heat-resistant material and such that there is no loss of the product under test. This may be a basket constructed from stainless- steel wire mesh. 5.4Balance,
22、 having the following characteristics: MaterialMeasuring capabilityLimit of permissible errorResolution Mats, all weights0 to 150 g0,5 g0,1 g FabricsW200 g/m20 to 150 g10 mg1 mg Fabrics ? 200 g/m20 to 150 g1 mg0,1 mg In cases where larger specimens are taken (see 5.1), a balance shall be used that p
23、rovides equivalent accuracy. 5.5Apparatus to be used in cases when specimens must be dried: 5.5.1Ventilated drying oven, with an air change rate of 20 to 50 times per hour, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 C ? 3 C. 5.5.2Desiccator, containing a suitable drying agent (for example silica ge
24、l, calcium chloride or phosphorus pentoxide). 5.5.3Stainless-steel tongs, for handling the specimen and specimen holder. 6Test specimens Unless otherwise agreed between the interested parties, the number of specimens taken from each roll or from the laboratory sample shall be for mats:three 1 000 cm
25、2specimens per metre of width (in practice, normally one specimen for every 31,6 cm across the width of the mat); for fabrics:one 100 cm2specimen per 50 cm of width. In all cases, a minimum of two specimens shall be taken. Suggested methods for cutting specimens are shown in Figure 1 for mats and Fi
26、gures 2 and 3 for fabrics. -,-,- ISO 3374:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 Note that for mats: ?specimens are taken in one row, generally side by side, ?the distance from the edge may be zero for trimmed mats, but the distance from any untrimmed edges shall be at least 10 cm; for fabrics: ?spec
27、imens are taken separately, preferably involving different weft yarns, ?the distance from the edge/selvedge shall be at least 5 cm. Special instructions shall be provided, as needed, to the operators to assure that the cutting procedure results in specimens areas which are within the tolerance range
28、 for this method. For mats narrower than 31,6 cm and fabrics narrower than 25 cm, the specimen type and dimensions shall be agreed between the purchaser and supplier. NOTESome specifications may stipulate that the mass per unit area is based on a method using the whole roll as the test specimen. In
29、that case, the mass of the roll is divided by the full area of the roll. The result obtained (in these specifications, usually called the “actual mean weight“) is not necessarily comparable with that obtained with the method described in this International Standard. 7Conditioning and test atmosphere
30、s Unless otherwise specified in the product specification or by the person ordering the test, no conditioning of the specimens is required. If conditioning is utilized, refer to ISO 291. Dimensions in centimetres Key 1Direction of mat width 2Discard Figure 1 Suggested method for cutting out mat spec
31、imens -,-,- ISO 3374:2000(E) 4 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Dimensions in centimetres Key 1Width of fabric 2Warp direction a Instead of circular specimens, square specimens may be taken oriented either parallel to or diagonally across the yarns. Figure 2 Suggested method for cutting out fabric speci
32、mens (fabrics wider than 50 cm) Dimensions in centimetres Key 1Warp direction Figure 3 Suggested method for cutting out fabric specimens (fabrics between 25 cm and 50 cm wide) ISO 3374:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved5 8Procedure 8.1Cut a strip at least 35 cm wide across the entire width of the
33、mat or fabric as the laboratory sample. 8.2Using the cutting tool (5.2) and template (5.1) and a clean work surface, cut the number of specimens specified in clause 6. If the test specimens have fibres that may be lost, utilize a holder (5.3) and, if necessary, fold the specimens, taking care to kee
34、p all strands or yarns. 8.3Unless otherwise agreed between the interested parties, dry the specimens in a ventilated oven (5.5.1) at 105 C ? 3 C for 1 h in cases when the mat or fabric contains more than 0,2 % moisture (or if the moisture content is unknown), then remove to a desiccator (5.5.2) and
35、cool to room temperature. Upon removal from the desiccator, proceed to step 8,4 immediately. 8.4Weigh each test specimen and record the result, subtracting the tare if a specimen holder was used. The accuracy to which this mass is recorded shall correspond to the sensitivity of the balance (see 5.4)
36、. 9Calculation and expression of results 9.1For each specimen, calculate the mass per unit area ?A, in grams per square metre, using the equation ?A m A ?10 000 s where msis the mass, in grams, of the specimen; Ais the area, in square centimetres, of the specimen. 9.2Report the mass per unit area as
37、 the average value for all the specimens taken across the width of the mat or fabric. Give the result to the nearest 1 g/m2for mats and fabrics weighing 200 g/m2or more and to the nearest 0,1 g/m2 for fabrics lighter than 200 g/m2. Optionally, specifications or persons ordering the test may also req
38、uire that the results for each individual specimen be reported, as such data may yield information about the mass distribution across the material. 10 Test report The test report shall include the following particulars: a)a reference to this International Standard; b)all details necessary for comple
39、te identification of the mat or fabric tested; c)the mass per unit area of the mat or fabric (optionally, or if required, the result for each individual specimen may also be reported); d)details of any operation not specified in this International Standard, as well as any information or details of a
40、ny incident liable to have a bearing on the results (for instance, the number of specimens used, whether or not preliminary drying of the specimens was necessary or whether specimens different from those specified were used); e)the date of the test. ISO 3374:2000(E) 6 ISO 2000 All rights reserved An
41、nex A (informative) Precision and bias Table A.1 is based on a round robin conducted in 19991)in accordance with ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2. It involved one carbon fabric, one aramid fabric, three glass fabrics and two glass mats tested by up to 11 laboratories. Individual test specimens were prepare
42、d at the laboratories which tested them from samples supplied from a central laboratory. Each test result was the average of two individual determinations for fabrics or three individual determinations for mats. Each laboratory obtained three test results for each material. CAUTION The explanation o
43、f r and R which follows is only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table A.1 should not be applied to acceptance or rejection of materials, as these data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin and are unlikely
44、 to be rigorously representative of other lots, formulations, conditions, materials or laboratories. Definitions of r and R in Table A.1: If Vrand VRhave been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were averages from testing of three (two for fabrics) specimens for ea
45、ch test result, then: Repeatability: Two test results obtained within one laboratory are judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value for that material, r being the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained by the same ope
46、rator using the same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory. Reproducibility: Two test results obtained by different laboratories are judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R value for that material, R being the interval representing the critical difference between two test
47、results for the same material, obtained by different operators using different equipment in different laboratories. Any judgement in accordance with the above would have an approximately 95 % (0,95) probability of being correct. There are no recognized standards by which to estimate the bias of this
48、 method. 1)The complete results of the round robin are available from the SC 13 Secretariat (AFNOR). ISO 3374:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved7 Table A.1 Round-robin summary for ISO 3374 Material No. Material X g/m2 sX g/m2 sr g/m2 sR g/m2 r g/m2 R g/m2 Vr % VR % 1Carbon-fibre fabric19,590 80,13
49、9 10,127 50,173 90,3570,4871,82,5 2Aramid-fibre fabric6,081 70,184 30,088 50,198 00,2480,5544,19,1 3Glass-woven roving fabric84,407 21,760 90,427 31,795 31,1975,0271,46,0 4Glass cloth fabric20,8520,318 60,383 70,447 41,0741,2535,26,0 5Glass stitch fabric215,557 75,321 72,013 05,571 05,63615,5992,67,2 6Glass chopped-strand mat45,165 00,891 92,110