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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 8727 First edition 1997-08-01 Mechanical vibration and shock - Human exposure - Biodynamic coordinate systems Vibrations et chocs mcaniques - Exposition de lindividu - Systmes de coordonnes biodynamiques This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Or
2、ganization for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License number IHSIICCI1996. Not for resale. No part of these IS0 documents may be reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise, except as allowed in the copyright law of the country of use, or with the prior written consent of IS0 (
3、Case postale 56,1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Fax +41 22 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensors members. Reference number IS0 8727:1997( E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/2
4、0/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 8727: 1997( E) Contents 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 Scope . . . . . 1 Normative references . 1 Biodynamic coordinate systems 2 Direction , . . ., . , . . , 2 Biodyn
5、amic coordinate systems for the whole body . 2 Whole-body anatomical coordinate system . . 2 Basicentric coordinate systems for the whole body . , 3 Segmental anatomical coordinate systems 4 Anatomical coordinate system: head 4 Anatomical coordinate system: root of neck 4 Anatomical coordinate syste
6、m: upper torso ,. 4 Anatomical coordinate system: pelvis 4 Biodynamic coordinate systems for the hand 5 Anatomical coordinate system: hand 5 Basicentric coordinate system for hand-transmitted force or motion . , . 6 Annex A (informative) Diagrammatic illustrations of biodynamic coordinate systems 7
7、Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes concerning the anatomical frame of reference and the biodynamic coordinate systems for the hand . 12 Annex C(informative) Bibliography ,.-. 13 O IS0 1997 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized
8、 in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-I 21 1 Genve 20 Switzerland Internet centraliso.ch X.400 c=ch; a400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=
9、central Printed in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- o IS0 STD-IS0 87
10、27-ENGL 3777 Y853703 07LbZ20 7T7 IS0 8727:1997(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical cornmittees. Eac
11、h member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take pari in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the Internation
12、al Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
13、casting a vote. International Standard IS0 8727 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and shock, Subcommittee SC 4, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock. Annexes A to C of this International Standard are for information only. iii Copyright International Org
14、anization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 8727:1997(E) STD-IS0 8727-ENGL II777 485II7U3 072b22II b35 Q IS0 Intro
15、duction For many purposes in biodynamics and in human vibration engineering practice, it is necessary to define the point of origin, magnitude, and direction of a mechanical input or response (force or motion) with respect to a specific orthogonal coordinate system. Biodynamic coordinate systems req
16、uire a defined point of origin within the human body or within an external frame of reference to which an anatomical coordinate system may be related. Applications include the evaluation of human exposure to vibration and shock, the precise definition of the functional location and orientation of bi
17、odynamic instrumentation systems, the biodynamic modelling of force and motion inputs to the human body and its parts or segments, and inter-subject or inter-species comparisons of biodynamic data. For the purpose of data comparison between individuals (or between repeated measurements in the same i
18、ndividual), between persons and human analogues, or between measured data and a standard prescribing boundaries of acceptable mechanical inputs to the human body or its segments, it is imperative that any anatomical coordinate system used originates in and is oriented with respect to recognized, fir
19、m, and radiographically or stereotactically determinable (hence, skeletal) anatomical landmarks. This International Standard embodies that fundamental principle: it specifically deprecates using systems loosely defined as centred in the heart or other soft and mobile structures. Precise definition o
20、f anatomical coordinate systems is fundamental to biodynamical science, because all biodynamic measurements must ultimately be related to the bony anatomy of the human body. iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Sta
21、ndards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD=ISO 8727-ENGL 3977 m 4853903 07Lb222 573 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Q IS0 IS0 8727:1997(E) Mechanical vibration and shock - Human exposure - Biodynamic coordinate systems
22、 1 Scope This International Standard specifies anatomical and basicentric coordinate systems for biodynamical measurements, for reference purposes in cognate standards development, and for precisely describing human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock. The segmental anatomical coordinate syst
23、ems defined in this International Standard are for the head, root of the neck (driving-point for the head and neck system), pelvis, and hand. General principles are stated for the establishment of corresponding anatomical coordinate systems for other skeletal body segments. The biodynamic coordinate
24、 systems defined in this International Standard can serve as frames of reference for the description and measurement of both translational and rotational vibration and shock motion affecting humans. NOTES 1 Although defined for human subjects, these anatomical coordinate systems are adaptable, using
25、 a knowledge of comparative anatomy, to non-human primates or to other animal species whose skeletal anatomy is recognizably comparable, radiographically, with the relevant anatomy of humans. 2 When the need arises for other segmental anatomical coordinate systems (e.g. for the arm, wrist, leg or fo
26、ot), these should be defined according to corresponding principles of anatomy and of standardization, and may be proposed for inclusion in subsequent revisions of this International Standard. 3 This International Standard recognizes no difference between male and female skeletal anatomy bearing upon
27、 the definition and use of biodynamic coordinate systems. Moreover, the same principles apply when defining anatomical coordinate systems for children, and for non-human mammalian species used in ethical biodynamics research, development, testing and evaluation. 2 Normative references The following
28、standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subjected to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encoura
29、ged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 1503:1977, Geometrical orientation and directions of movements. IS0 5805:1997, Mechanical vibration and
30、shock - Human exposure - Vocabulary. 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD-IS0
31、8727-ENGL 1777 W 4853903 07Lb223 400 W IS0 8727: 1 997( E) Q IS0 3 Biodynamic coordinate systems Standard biodynamic coordinate systems shall be used, if practicable, whenever collecting, transforming, analysing, reporting, describing, comparing, or evaluating human mechanical vibration and shock in
32、put data and consequent human body structural and system responses. NOTES 1 A biodynamic coordinate system may be oriented with respect to a hierarchy of coordinate systems within inertial space (see figures A.l and A.2). Such inertial reference systems may be geocentric, in which the principal or n
33、ormal axis lies in the direction of earths gravity, or basicentric, originating in the contacting surface (or some fully orientatable structure connected rigidly thereto) through which the force or motion of interest is transmitted to the body. Basicentric coordinate systems may, for example, be def
34、ined with respect to the structure of a vehicle, a workplace, or a laboratory, to an immediate source of vibration or shock affecting persons, such as a vibrating tool or appliance, or to a research vibration machine, motion simulator or impact device. For research and evaluation purposes, a biodyna
35、mic coordinate system may itself provide the external frame of reference for an instrumentation coordinate system, used to define inertial measurements made upon or within the human body. 2 Geometrically speaking, the human body may, for any given posture, be treated as a fully-oriented object (see
36、figure A.3). 3 The use of coordinate systems originating in amorphous or flexible soft-tissue or surface anatomical features which are deformable or freely mobile within the body (e.g. coordinate systems loosely defined as centred in the heart or the buttocks) precludes the precise acquisition or co
37、mparison of biodynamic data, and is accordingly deprecated. The anatomical systems defined in this International Standard all originate in, and are oriented with respect to, radiographically or stereotactically determinable (including palpable) bony landmarks. Moreover, these systems are adaptable,
38、for the purpose of comparative biodynamics, to mammalian species other than humans, and to mechanical analogue models (dummies or manikins) of humans. 4 A radiographically determinable landmark means one that, for research or reference purposes, can be visualized, and its position measured, by metho
39、ds of X-ray or ultrasonic radiographical anthropometry. It may also be (but not necessarily is) determinable stereotactically, if it is palpable (or reliably related to structures that are palpable) in the surface anatomy. It is of course recognized that in many areas and applications it may be impo
40、ssible or impractical to define the relevant bony anatomy by radiographical methods. Nevertheless, the applicable anatomical coordinate system or systems should be identified when inertial measurements are made on humans, and the measurements related to the standard anatomical coordinate system(s) t
41、o the extent practicable. 3.1 Direction All orthogonal coordinate systems adopted in biodynamics shall be defined as right-handed (see figure A.4). Definitions of x-, y- and z-axes for anatomical coordinate systems shall be in accordance with IS0 5805 (see figures A.5 and A.6 for examples of these a
42、xes). Definitions of orientations and axes for basicentric systems (e.g. in vehicles) shall be in accordance with the principles of IS0 1503. NOTE- An exception to the rule regarding right-handedness of the coordinate system may be made in the case of the anatomical coordinate system (hand) adopted
43、specifically for measurements in the lef hand (see 3.4.1). 3.2 Biodynamic coordinate systems for the whole body 3.2.1 Whole-body anatomical coordinate system For most purposes (for example, when considering force or motion inputs to the whole body from a contact or supporting surface upon which the
44、person is standing, sitting or lying), the anatomical coordinate system of choice shall be that defined for the pelvis (see 3.3.4). NOTES 1 When practical considerations clearly dictate that it is more appropriate to do so, whole-body inputs may be defined with reference to an alternative system wit
45、hin the torso, which, together with the posture and the orientation of the body with respect to the source of the vibration or shock, should be defined unambiguously when reporting data referenced to this alternative coordinate system. For example, whole-body inputs applied mainly to a persons back,
46、 as from a vibrating seat-back or a motorized backpack appliance, may be related to the upper torso anatomical coordinate system. Unless otherwise specified, whole-body vibration or shock shall be deemed to be applied to persons in the (conventional) “normal“ anatomical position, that is, with the z
47、-axis of the principal axial segmental (.e. head and trunk) anatomical coordinate systems approximately parallel, the limbs aligned, and the palms facing forward. When a particular posture is adopted (e.g. sitting) during human vibration 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Pro
48、vided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 02:27:57 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- STD-IS0 d727-ENGL 1797 Ell 4851703 07Lb22q I L I 4 Q IS0 IS0 8727:1997(E) measurements, as precise an attem
49、pt as possible should be made to specify the relative orientation of segmental coordinate systems relevant to the measurement. This may be done by quantifying the extent of rotation of the principal axes of each segmental anatomical coordinate system (and, if appropriate, displacement of the systems origin) with resp