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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 860 Second edition 1996-07-01 Terminology work - Harmonization of concepts and terms Travail termitologique - Harmonisation des notions et des termes This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License
2、 number IHS/lCC/1996. Not for resale. No part of these IS0 documents may be reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise, except as allowed in the copyright law of the country of use, or with the prior written consent of IS0 (Case postale 56,121l Geneva 20, Switzerland, Fax +41 2
3、2 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensers members. Reference number Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
4、IHS -,-,- IS0 860:1996(E) Contents 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 5 6 6.1 6.2 Scope Normative references. Definitions Harmonization of concepts and concept systems . Feasibility study Harmonization procedure . Description of concepts . Harmonization of terms Types of correspondence between terms . Term harmonizati
5、on Page 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 0 IS0 1996 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronjc or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. Internation
6、al Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Gen - similarity at the term level in different languages does not necessarily mean that the concepts behind the terms are identical. Harmonization efforts should, therefore, always start at the concept level and continue at the term leve
7、l. Concepts and terms in International Standards have been developed for international use. They may not, however, necessarily be acceptable in an unaltered form in national contexts. This principle also applies for the official IS0 languages at the various national levels. For instance, the wording
8、 in the English version of an International Standard may not be appropriate for a comparable American or British Standard. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo
9、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 860:1996(E) Terminology work - Harmonization of concepts and terms 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a methodological approach to the international harmonization of con- cepts, concept sy
10、stems, definitions, terms and term systems. This International Standard applies to the development of national and international terminologies. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standar
11、d. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to in- vestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IE
12、C and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 704:1987, Principles and methods of terminology. IS0 1087: 1990, Terminology - Vocabulary. IS0 10241 :I 992, lntemational terminology standards - Preparation and layout. ISO/IEC Guide 2:1991, Genera/ terms and their defini-
13、 tions concerning standardization and related activities. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions given in IS0 1087 and the following defi- nitions apply. 3.1 concept harmonization activity for reducing or eliminating minor differences between two or more conce
14、pts that are already closely related to each other NOTE 1 Concept harmonization is an integral part of stan- dardization. 3.2 term harmonization activity leading to the designation of one concept in different languages by terms that reflect the same or similar characteristics or have the same or sli
15、ghtly dif- ferent forms 4 Harmonization of concepts and concept systems Harmonization of concepts and concept systems al- ways involves a comparison and matching of concept systems in one language, among languages or among subject fields. It is never a direct transfer of one concept system as such t
16、o another language. (See fig- ure I.) NOTE 2 Not all the principles listed below are equally ap- plicable to all languages and subject fields. 4.1 Feasibility study 4.1.1 Analysis of the subject field Before embarking on concept harmonization, simi- larities and differences between the concepts and
17、concept systems shall be examined in order to de- termine the feasibility of harmonization. Chances for successful harmonization are better if the conditions listed in 4.1 .I. 1 are met. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense
18、Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 860:1996(E) Start P Analysis of subject field (see 4.1.1) Are chances of harmonization good? (See 4.1.1.1 and 4.1.1.2) I Preliminary analysis of concept structures
19、(see 4.1.2) correspondence? No Construction of concept systems I concepts (see 4.2.1 and 4.2.2) Is there compatibility7 Yes Harmonize the concepts I I Draft separate definitions I Oraft one definition I Oraft one definition I I Aretheremore concepts? No Figure 1 -The harmonization process 2 Copyrigh
20、t International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Q IS0 4.1 .I.1 Similarities among concepts Concepts and concept
21、 systems specific to individual language communities or nations are likely to be closer to each other if a) the subject field is well established and rela- tively stable, or b) the subject field deals with concrete objects, such as machinery, tools, materials or industrial products, or c) there is a
22、 tradition of standardization in the sub- ject field. 4.1.1.2 Differences among concepts Concepts and concept systems are likely to differ considerably if a) several theoretical positions prevail in the subject field, or b) the subject field is new and developing rapidly, or c) the subject field dea
23、ls with the humanities or the social sciences (i.e. concerns philosophical, politi- cal, ideological issues, etc., or d) there is no tradition of standardization in the sub- ject field. 4.1.2 Preliminary analysis of concept systems If the analysis in 4.1 .l reveals that chances for har- monization a
24、re good, a preliminary study of the dif- ferent concept systems shall be carried out. A comparison of the concepts designated by terms in the individual languages is a prerequisite for all con- cept harmonization. This analysis shall determine a) which characteristics the concepts of the individ- ua
25、l languages have in common; b) which characteristics of the concepts differ from one language to another. After this analysis, subject specialists shall decide whether harmonization of concepts is possible. NOTE 3 If the preliminary analysis is conducted in con- nection with international standardiz
26、ation, it is important that it is not restricted to official languages alone. 4.2 Harmonization procedure The list of basic terms shall be compiled and the con- cept systems outlined in accordance with IS0 10241. 4.2.1 Comparison of concept systems All relevant concept systems shall be compared, ir-
27、 respective of their origin; i.e. whether they have been internationally or nationally standardized or otherwise established. IS0 860: 1996(E) The comparative analysis of the different concept sys- tems shall account for the following aspects (see figure 2): a) the number of concepts; b) the relatio
28、nships between concepts; c) the depth of structuring; d) the types of characteristics used to develop the concept system. Each concept system shall be constructed separately using identical types of structuring characteristics and, whenever possible, following the specifications of IS0 10241 concern
29、ing concept systems and their rep- resentation. 4.4.2 Comparison of single concepts Concepts shall be analysed by comparing their defi- nitions, not their terms. Definitions shall be collected from reliable sources in- cluding all available expertise within the subject field. After completing a comp
30、arative analysis of all defi- nitions for one concept, it shall be determined which of the conditions described in 4.2.2.1 and 4.2.2.2 ap- PlY. 4.2.2.1 The terms in the different languages refer to the same concept. In this case, no further steps are required. 4.2.2.2 There are differences between t
31、he intension or extension, or both, of the concept. In such cases, experts in the subject field shall de- termine which of the following conditions applies. a) b) The differences are relevant. The conclusion is that there are several different concepts. Each concept shall be defined and assigned its
32、 position in the harmonized concept system (see figure 31. The differences are insignificant, therefore only one concept is required. This concept shall be de- fined in a consistent manner in all languages and assigned its position in the harmonized concept system. NOTE 4 A consequence of 4.2.2.2 is
33、 that not all individual concept systems have a concept for all the nodes in a har- monized concept system. This does not, however, rule out the possibility of filling in these nodes if that is justifiable. 4.3 Subsequent harmonization If, at a later stage, an organization that has not taken part in
34、 the harmonization process wants to harmonize its concepts with an internationally standardized con- cept system, the method described in 4.2.2 should preferably be used. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/99608
35、66100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 860:1996(E) Document Document Normative Other document documents Compulsory document Other documents Technical specification Compulsory documents Standard Other compulsory document
36、s a) Regulation Other Standard /.Py=ni;on Other Mandatory Other regulations standard standards b) NOTE - See ISO/IEC Guide 2 for definitions of terms. The terms in italics represent a set of concepts. Figure 2 - Examples of two individual concept systems needing harmonization Document Normative docu
37、ment Other documents Standard Regulation Directive Technical specification Code of practice Other normative documents Non-mandatory standard Mandatory standard Other regul Jfions NOTE -See ISO/IEC Guide 2 for definition of terms. The terms in italics represent a set of concepts. Figure 3 - Example o
38、f a harmonized system Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:55:27 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Q IS0 IS0 860:1996(E) 5 Descripti
39、on of concepts Before formulating the harmonized definition, consen- sus shall be reached on a) the characteristics that are essential to the inten- sion of the concept; b) the characteristics that are essential for inclusion in the definition. Definitions shall be formulated in accordance with IS0
40、704 and IS0 10241. All versions of a definition in the different languages shall include the same characteristics. The formulation of definitions, however, depends on the rules of the individual languages. 6 Harmonization of terms Harmonization of terms is possible only if the under- lying concepts
41、are practically identical. In the process of term harmonization, it is essential not to be mislead by the superficial similarity of terms, by so-called “false friends” (for examples see 621.4). 6.1 Types of correspondence between terms The types of correspondence existing between terms of different
42、languages are given in 6.1 .I to 6.1.3. 6.1.1 Correspondence based on the form of terms In this type of correspondence among terms, identical or similar forms are used in individual languages. NOTE 5 The forms are considered identical or similar in spite of the variations in spelling, word patterns,
43、 pronunci- ation or the alphabet used. EXAMPLES a) English: physics French: physique Russian: cbt43HKa b) English: history French: histoire Russian: MCTOjXlR b) English: accredited laboratory French: laboratoire accredite Russian: akkpenTosatiHafl na60paTopR 6.1.2 Correspondence based on the meaning
44、 of terms This type of correspondence is based on the parallel use of term components that have the same mean- ing. EXAMPLES a) English: data processing French: traitement des donnees Russian: o6pa6oTka fl?iHHblX b) English: load characteristic French: caracteristique de charge Russian: XapaKTepHcTH
45、Ka Harpy3KH 6.1.3 Mixed types of correspondence There are also combinations of the forms described in 6.1 .l and 6.12. EXAMPLES a) English: additional element French: element complementaire Russian: OllOJlHklTeJlbHbl 3JlaMeHT b) English: magnetic tape French: bande magnetique Russian: MarHMTHafl Jle
46、HTa 6.2 Term harmonization At least the effects of the factors given in 6.2.1 to 6.2.4 shall be taken into consideration. 6.2.1 Traditions of term formation within subject fields 6.2.1.1 There are a number of subject fields in which the structure of the concept systems is reflected in term formation
47、. Term harmonization should continue especially in subject fields with a long tradition of sys- tematic term formation, often based on elements from Greek and Latin (e.g. the nomenclatures in chemistry, biology and medicine). 6.2.1.2 Within science and technology, efforts to- wards term harmonizatio
48、n have often been successful and should be continued. 6.2.1.3 Harmonization of terms should be carried out on a regional basis in subject fields where inter- national cooperation is common and well established. 6.2.1.4 In some subject fields, harmonization has not even been attempted at the concept
49、level and conse- quently efforts towards term harmonization are premature. Harmonization attempts at the term level with no harmonization at the concept level will only lead to misunderstandings. 5 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/