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1、Reference number ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 15766 First edition 2000-04-15 Road vehicles Pedestrian protection Targets for the assessment of the biofidelity of pedestrian-leg test devices Vhicules routiers Protection des pitons Objectifs pour valuer la biofidlit des dispos
2、itifs dessai de la jambe du piton ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the comp
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5、 Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2000 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either
6、ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2000 All rights reserved -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E)
7、ISO 2000 All rights reservediii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body inter
8、ested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
9、 Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the te
10、chnical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is norma
11、lly published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are consi
12、dered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Technical Report may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 15766 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/T
13、C 22,Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 12,Restraint systems. -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) iv ISO 2000 All rights reserved Introduction The impact-response targets presented in this Technical Report are the result of a critical evaluation of data selected from experiments agreed to by experts as being the
14、 best and most up-to-date information available. TECHNICAL REPORTISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved1 Road vehicles Pedestrian protection Targets for the assessment of the biofidelity of pedestrian-leg test devices 1Scope This Technical Report describes laboratory-test procedures and i
15、mpact-response targets for the assessment of the impact biofidelity of thigh, knee and leg test devices and mathematical models used in pedestrian-protection studies. The targets apply to impacts to either the inside (medial) or outside (lateral) surfaces of the leg. 2Biomechanical studies Four type
16、s of tests are specified for assessing the biofidelity of pedestrian leg-test devices: two lateral knee- bending tests conducted at 15 km/h and 20 km/h (see clause 3), a lateral knee-shear test conducted at 15 km/h (clause 4), a lateral knee-impact test conducted at 2,6 m/s (clause 5), and a static
17、lateral knee-stiffness test (clause 6). The targets for the lateral knee-bending and -shear tests are based on cadaver tests conducted at INRETS in Marseilles, in cooperation with Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Six legs were used to define the 15 km/h knee-bending guideline, eight for th
18、e 20 km/h knee-bending guideline, and five for the 15 km/h knee-shear guideline. The cadaver test results are reported in two IRCOBI papers by Kajzeret al. 1, 21). The target for the lateral knee-impact test is based on the results of tests on 12 cadaver legs reported by Levineet al. 3. The lateral
19、knee-stiffness target is based on static-load-versus-deflection tests using 13 legs reported by Van Hoeck 4. The following word of caution should be kept in mind when assessing the biofidelity of a test device based on the lateral knee-bending, -shear and -stiffness guidelines. In order for the biof
20、idelity descriptions to be complete in respect of lateral knee-bending and -shear, data is required for the change in angle between the longitudinal axes of tibia and femur known as the valgus angle (see Figure 6), as well as for tibia-to-femur displacement. In addition, it should be noted that the
21、lateral knee-stiffness guideline is based on static-load-versus-deflection data, and that dynamic-stiffness data are needed to complete it. 3Lateral knee-bending tests 3.1Test setup The lateral-knee-bending test setup is shown in Figure 1. 1)The numbers between square brackets refer to the bibliogra
22、phy. ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) 2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Key 1Lateral support6Knee joint 240 kg preload7Leg 3Thigh8Impactor block of 50 mm-thick, rigid polystyrene foam 4Support blocks of 25 mm-thick, rigid polystyrene foam9Low-friction mobile plate 5Medial support10 Impactor Figure 1 Lateral-knee-b
23、ending test setup 3.2Impactor characteristics The impactor characteristics of the lateral-knee-bending test setup are: ?40 kg mass ?rectilinear-motion constraint ?impactor face measuring 50 mm ? 150 mm ?block of rigid polystyrene foam2)measuring 50 mm ? 50 mm ? 150 mm (see element 8 in Figure 1). 2)
24、Styrodur is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this Technical Report and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product. ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 3.3Support blocks The full dimensions
25、 of the rigid polystyrene foam support blocks (see element 4 in Figure 1) used in this test setup: 25 mm ? 50 mm ? 150 mm. 3.4Test apparatus dimensions The dimensions of the lateral-knee-bending test apparatus (Figure 1) are: D = 904 mm, D1= 74 mm, D2= 400 mm 3.5Measurements The following measuremen
26、ts are made in this test: ?impactor acceleration, ay(CFC 180); calculate impactor force, Fy= ay? 40 kg; ?impactor velocity at time of impact; ?medial support load Fknee, y(CFC 180). NOTECFC: chemical frequency class, as defined in ISO 6487 5. 3.6Biofidelity targets 3.6.1Impact at 15 km/h For a later
27、al knee-bending test with an impact of 15 km/h, the impactor force should be within the corridor shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Lateral knee-bending test: 15 km/h corridor -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) 4 ISO 2000 All rights reserved The coordinates for this corridor are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Later
28、al knee-bending test: 15 km/h corridor Coordinates (ms; kN) A(0; 1,0)F(3; 0,0) B(4; 2,5)G(4; 1,5) C(12; 0,7)H(9; 0,1) D(20; 0,4)I(50; 0,1) E(50; 0,4) 3.6.2Impact at 20 km/h For a lateral knee-bending test with a 20 km/h impact, the impactor force should be within the corridor shown in Figure 3. Figu
29、re 3 Lateral knee-bending test: 20 km/h corridor -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved5 The coordinates for this corridor are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Lateral knee-bending test: 20 km/h corridor Coordinates (ms; kN) A(0; 1,0)G(3; 0,0) B(4; 3,3)H(4; 1,7) C(11; 0,5)I(8; 0,2) D(3
30、0; 0,5) 3.7Comments concerning lateral knee-bending test The characteristics of the polystyrene-foam blocks used in the test are presented in annex A. Use new blocks for each test. 4Lateral knee-shear test 4.1Test setup The lateral-knee-shear test setup is shown in Figure 4. 4.2Impactor characterist
31、ics The impactor characteristics for the lateral knee-shear test are: ?40 kg mass ?rectilinear-motion constraint ?impactor face measuring 50 mm ? 150 mm ?Rigid, polystyrene-foam block measuring 50 mm ? 50 mm ? 150 mm. 4.3Support blocks The full dimensions of the polystyrene-foam support blocks (see
32、element 4 in Figure 4) used in this test setup: 25 mm ? 50 mm ? 150 mm 4.4Dimensions of the test-setup apparatus The dimensions of the lateral-knee-shear test apparatus (Figure 4) are: D = 874 mm, D1= D2= 45 mm, D3= 400 mm -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) 6 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Key 1Lateral suppor
33、t6Knee joint 240 kg preload7Leg 3Thigh8Impactor block of 50 mm-thick, rigid polystyrene foam 4Support blocks of 25 mm-thick, rigid polystyrene foam9Low-friction mobile plate 5Medial support10 Impactor Figure 4 Lateral-knee-shear test setup 4.5Measurements The following measurements are made in this
34、test: ?impactor acceleration, ay(CFC 180); calculate impactor force, Fy= ay? 40 kg; ?impactor velocity at moment of impact; ?medial support load Fknee, y(CFC 180). 4.6Biofidelity targets The lateral knee-shear test is performed with an impact of 15 km/h: the impactor force should be within the corri
35、dor shown in Figure 5. -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved7 Figure 5 Lateral knee-shear-test: 15 km/h corridor The corridor coordinates for this test are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Lateral knee-shear-test: 15 km/h corridor Coordinates (ms; kN) A(0; 2,5)F(35; 2,5)K(5; 1,7) B(5;
36、 3,0)G(50; 3,0)L(10; 1,5) C(10; 2,3)H(60; 2,7)M(25; 1,9) D(15; 2,8)J(3; 0,0)N(60; 1,2) E(20; 2,8) 4.7Comments concerning lateral knee-shear test The characteristics of the polystyrene-foam blocks used in this test are presented in annex A. Use new blocks for each test. 5Lateral knee-impact test 5.1T
37、est setup The lateral-knee-impact test setup is shown in Figure 6. ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) 8 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Key 1Static preload: 860 N6Frictional coefficient ? = 0,35 to 0,45 2Leg pinned at H-point level and free to translate vertically7Femur 3Free mass impactor, 74 kg radius of impact su
38、rface: 150 mm8Knee 4v = 2,6 m/s9Tibia 5Impact to lateral aspect of knee joint10 Valgus angle, ? Figure 6 Lateral-knee-impact test setup 5.2Measurements The following measurements are made in this test: ?impactor acceleration, ay, calculate knee impact force, Fy= ay? 74 kg; ?valgus angle, ? (film ana
39、lysis). 5.3Biofidelity targets For an impact of 2,6 m/s, the maximum knee-impact force should be between 1,2 kN and 1,5 kN, while the maximum valgus angle should be between 25 and 31. ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved9 6Lateral knee-stiffness test 6.1Test setup The lateral-knee-stiff
40、ness test setup is shown in Figure 7. Key 1Preload: 350 N 2Leg free to rotate and translate 3Fixed shoe 4Medial knee deflection NOTELoading rate: 100 mm/s Figure 7 Lateral-knee-stiffness test setup 6.2End constraints The shoe is fixed to a rigid support plate. The thigh is pinned at the H-point leve
41、l and is free to translate along its axis. 6.3Measurements The following measurements are made in this test: ?lateral knee load, F (see Figure 7); ?medial knee deflection, ?. 6.4Biofidelity target At a medial knee deflection of 25 mm, the knee stiffness (K = F/?) should be between 4,0 N/mm and 4,5 N
42、/mm. 6.5Comments concerning lateral knee-stiffness test The leg may be mounted either vertically or horizontally for testing. The knee loading surface should be concave with a width of 25 mm and a length sufficient to span the knee. The edges should be rounded to assure central loading. -,-,- ISO/TR
43、 15766:2000(E) 10 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Annex A Characteristics of the polystyrene-foam blocks Key 1Impactor (6,29 kg)4Rigid frame 2Accelerometer5Load cell 3Test piece (d ? 50 mm ? 50 mm)6Magnetic sensor for velocity and displacement Figure A.1 Polystyrene-foam-block test setup -,-,- ISO/TR 1
44、5766:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved11 Key -v1? 15 km/h v2? 20 km/h dPolystyrene foam thickness ?Polystyrene foam deformation FImpact force AImpact area (50 mm ? 50 mm) Figure A.2 Polystyrene-foam-block response characteristics ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) 12 ISO 2000 All rights reserved Bibliography 1
45、KAJZER, J., CAVALLERO, C., GHANOUCHI, S., BONNOIT, J. and GHORBEL, A., Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of shearing loads.Proceedings International IRCOBI Biomechanics Impacts Conference, Sept. 1214, 1990, pp. 293304. 2KAJZER, J., CAVALLERO, C., BONNOIT, J., MORJANE, A. and GHANO
46、UCHI, S., Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of bending moment.Proceedings International IRCOBI Biomechanics Impacts Conference, Sept. 810, 1993, pp. 105116. 3LEVINE, R. S., BEGEMAN, P.C. and KING, A.I., An analysis of the protection of lateral knee bracing in full extension using
47、a cadaver simulation of lateral knee impact.Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg., Aug. 17, 1984. 4VANHOECK, J.E.,A surrogate knee model for dynamic loading studies of prophylactic BRACE performance. M.Sc. thesis, University of Iowa, May 1988. 5ISO 64873),Road vehicles Measurement techniques in impact tests Instrumentation. 6ISO/TR 9790,Road vehicles Anthropomorphic side impact dummy Lateral impact response requirements to assess the biofidelity of the dummy. 3)To be published. (Revision of ISO 6487:1987) -,-,- -,-,- ISO/TR 15766:2000(E) ICS 43.180 Price based on 12 pages ISO 2000 All rights reserved