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1、Reference number ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) ISO 2000 . TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12031 First edition 2000-04-01 Micrographics Inspection of silver- gelatin microforms for evidence of deterioration Micrographie Inspection des microformes en argent-glatine pour mise en vidence de dtrioration Copyright Interna
2、tional Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain em
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5、s were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2000 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise sp
6、ecified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office
7、 Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2000 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Stand
8、ards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservediii ContentsPage Forewordv Introductionvi 1Scope 1 2References1 3Terms and definitions .1 4Inspection conditions2 5Equipmen
9、t and supplies .2 5.1General2 5.2Light box and film rewinds for 16 mm and 35 mm film2 5.3Eye loupe (eye glass) 2 5.4Microscope.2 5.5Specular light source 2 5.6Black velvet2 5.7Inspection gloves.2 6Sampling method.3 6.1General3 6.2Division into survey groups .3 7Inspection procedures 3 7.1General3 7.
10、2Procedure for all microforms .3 7.3Checks for all microforms 3 7.4Additional checks for roll film4 7.5Additional checks for jackets.4 7.6Additional checks for aperture cards4 8Inspection reporting4 8.1Classification4 8.2Data collection, general 5 8.3History and description of group or collection 5
11、8.4Individual microform inspection report.6 8.5Data analysis (optional) 6 9Types of defects.7 9.1General7 9.2Microbiological growths .7 9.3Redox blemishes .8 9.4Residual processing chemicals.8 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NA
12、SA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) iv ISO 2000 All rights reserved 9.5Emulsion adhesion9 9.6Separation of the emulsion from the film base.9 9.7Brittleness.9 9.8Base shr
13、inkage 9 10Remedial action .9 10.1General9 10.2Subsequent re-inspections.10 Annex A Determination of base type11 Annex B Factors affecting deterioration 12 B.1General12 B.2Inappropriate choice of film material.12 B.3Processing12 B.3.1Improper fixing.12 B.3.2Improper washing12 B.3.3Insufficient dryin
14、g12 B.4Improper climatic conditions during storage .12 Annex C Examples of types of defects.13 C.1Microbiological growths13 C.2Redox blemishes .14 C.2.1Exposed leader 15 C.2.2Silver sheen15 C.3Separation of the emulsion from the film base.16 Copyright International Organization for Standardization P
15、rovided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservedv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Stand
16、ardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
17、to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International St
18、andards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an I
19、nternational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art“, for example), it may d
20、ecide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
21、 of the elements of this Technical Report may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 12031 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 171,Document imaging applications, Subcommittee SC 1,Quality. Copyright Internationa
22、l Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) vi ISO 2000 All rights reserved Introduction The
23、 purpose of this Technical Report is to provide a uniform method of selecting and inspecting silver-gelatin microforms for evidence of deterioration. Improper processing, handling, and storage conditions have long been known to promote biological attack and various other kinds of image degradation.
24、Examination of some large collections of microfilmed records within the last decade has revealed a number of instances of spot blemishes. This may be influenced by the number of years and by the number of different processing conditions used. These instances serve to focus attention on the fact that
25、, although film may be processed and stored in the best available conditions, the only assurance that such records are being well maintained is a systematic programme of careful inspection. Silver-gelatin microforms which have been manufactured, exposed, developed, and stored according to existing s
26、tandards and which have a long life expectancy may not require extensive inspection. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking per
27、mitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORTISO/TR 12031:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved1 Micrographics Inspection of silver-gelatin microforms for evidence of deterioration 1Scope This Technical Report applies to all forms of silver-gelatin microfilm, whether in roll, aperture card,
28、jacket or microfiche format. It describes the equipment and procedures necessary to identify and monitor deterioration. This information serves to identify the extent and nature of the problem and will ultimately provide a sound basis for any remedial action that may be required. 2References ISO 417
29、:1993,Photography Determination of residual thiosulfate and other related chemicals in processed photographic materials Methods using iodine-amylose, methylene blue and silver sulfide. ISO 543:1990,Photography Photographic films Specifications for safety film. ISO 2859-0:1995,Sampling procedures for
30、 inspection by attributes Part 0: Introduction to ISO 2895 attribute sampling system. ISO 2859-1:1999,Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection. ISO 2859-2:1985,Sampling procedures for inspection by att
31、ributes Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality (LQ) for isolated inspection. ISO 2859-3:1991,Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 3: Skip-lot sampling procedures. ISO 5466:1996,Photography Processed safety photographic film Storage practices. ISO 6196-1:1980,Micrographic
32、s Vocabulary Part 01: General terms. ISO 10602:1995,Photography Processed silver-gelatin type black-and-white films Specifications for stability. 3Terms and definitions For the purpose of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6196-1 and the following apply. 3.1 frilling separ
33、ation of the emulsion from the film base during initial processing Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lic
34、ense from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) 2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved 4Inspection conditions The inspection room or location selected for inspection should be clean with a relatively dust-free atmosphere and the temperature should not exceed 23 C and relative humidity should not exceed 50 %. The w
35、ork-top area should be clean and free of objects and substances that might damage the microfilm. Changes in temperature and/or humidity during inspection or during transportation from the film storage facility to inspection room should be avoided. 5Equipment and supplies 5.1General The inspection eq
36、uipment should be such that the film cannot be damaged during the inspection process. 5.2Light box and film rewinds for 16 mm and 35 mm film Light boxes of this nature usually are equipped with a light source covered by translucent glass or plastic. Fluorescent lights can be used to minimize the hea
37、t build-up of the inspection station. Tungsten or tungsten- halogen lights can also be used. 5.3Eye loupe (eye glass) Two eye loupes with magnification of approximately 5? and 15? should be used. The lower magnification will provide a wider field of view, while the higher magnification will allow mu
38、ch closer inspection of specific defects. 5.4Microscope A microscope with a magnification capability of at least 25? and 50? will be required for occasional close examination. A fairly intense substage illuminator is essential to penetrate the high density areas of the leader and trailer. A microsco
39、pe having a surface illuminator may be helpful in evaluating surface characteristics. A camera to take photomicrographs of the defects may be helpful to record progression of any deterioration of the microfilm. 5.5Specular light source Another light source other than room ambient light should be ava
40、ilable to inspect the film surface with and without magnification for image degradation, scratches and other defects. This light source is necessary for microfiche, jackets, aperture cards and roll film. 5.6Black velvet Placing a swatch of black velvet behind the film may be of help for detecting sc
41、ratches, water spots, and abrasions. 5.7Inspection gloves Clean, lint-free white cotton or nylon gloves should be worn to avoid marking the film with fingerprints. These gloves should be used exclusively for this purpose. It is highly recommended that the gloves be changed regularly. Copyright Inter
42、national Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:29:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 12031:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 6Sampling m
43、ethod 6.1General It is preferable that each film be inspected. If this is not possible, a suitable sampling procedure as given in ISO 2859 should be used to provide representative data of the total population of the group or lot sample. 6.2Division into survey groups The collection should be divided
44、 into groups of similar types. Examples of such similarities are groups stored under the same conditions; similar film sizes such as 16 mm and 35 mm; similar formats and film types, i.e. jackets, aperture cards, polyester film, and acetate film; record series type; etc. As most types of deterioratio
45、n seem to be progressive with age, some form of separation by date may be significant. In a library or archives setting, an ongoing collection of newspaper files or a series of books or private papers microfilmed over a specific period of time could be considered a significant lot or group. 7Inspect
46、ion procedures 7.1General The microfilm inspector should be thoroughly familiar with the various types of ageing defects as well as defects normally associated with film processing (see clause 9). The inspector should also be aware that older film should be treated carefully until it has been establ
47、ished that normal handling will not damage the film. 7.2Procedure for all microforms Both sides of the film should be examined. Rotate film so that the light reflects off the film surface. Examine the reverse side of the film. Some forms of deterioration can be detected with the unaided eye at this
48、initial stage. Some defects are more easily seen over the light boxes, without the aid of an eye loupe, while others need to be viewed under stronger magnification. Inspection procedures for microforms having higher reduction ratios may require more critical evaluation. The inspector should carefully examine the film using both transmitted and reflected light. To detect scratches inspection should be made through film illuminated from behind and toward black velvet. 7.3C