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1、 Reference number ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) ISO 2003 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16066 First edition 2003-03-15 Graphic technology Standard object colour spectra database for colour reproduction evaluation (SOCS) Technologie graphique Base de donnes de spectres de couleurs dobjets normalise pour lvaluation d
2、e la reproduction des couleurs (SOCS) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16
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6、elow. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bod
7、y in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
8、 IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Standard o
9、bject colour spectra.1 2.1 Object categories and sample selection 1 2.2 Typical set samples and difference set samples.4 3 Use of the colour spectra database 5 3.1 Use of typical sets.5 3.2 Use of difference sets.7 4 Permissions.8 Annex A (informative) Spectral reflectance and transmittance source d
10、ata9 Annex B (normative) Typical set selection method for artificial colour groups27 Annex C (normative) Typical set selection method for non-skin colour, natural colour groups 29 Annex D (normative) Typical set selection method for skin groups.31 Annex E (normative) Difference set selection method.
11、32 Annex F (informative) Correspondence between typical/difference samples and original collected data samples .33 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo
12、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International S
13、tandards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, als
14、o take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committe
15、es is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, w
16、hen a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely in
17、formative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any
18、or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 16066 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology. The TC 130 Japanese National Committee prepared this database, and their efforts have made this Technical Report possible. The original form of this report was published as a technical report
19、TR X 0012 by the Japanese Standards Association in Japanese in December 1998. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted
20、without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved v Introduction The simplest way to evaluate the colour reproduction of colour image input devices is to input images of objects whose colours are exactly known and then to compare the pixel values to exact ones. For tha
21、t purpose, input colour target standards have been already established in ISO 12641:1997, Graphic technology Prepress digital data exchange Colour targets for input scanner calibration. Evaluation becomes more complicated, however, when we consider metamers. The perceived colours of a pair of object
22、s are referred to as metamers if, under a particular illumination, they have the same tristimulus values even though they are spectrally different. The spectral pairs of such objects may be used to advantage in the assessment of differences among lighting conditions. If, for instance, a pair of spec
23、tra yield the same tristimulus values X, Y, Z under CIE illuminant D50, the difference between the two perceived colours of the pair of spectra as measured in the field under a different illumination is referred to as a metameric index, which can be used as a measure of the non-conformance of that i
24、llumination to D50. While it may be sometimes preferable, e.g. for standards purposes, to use artificial pairs of perceived colours, i.e. those not coming from natural objects, natural metameric pairs have the advantage that one can assess the effect of non-standard lighting for a particular lightin
25、g condition. One may find, for instance, that a particular light source leads to unacceptably large deviations in skin tones, whereas the same source is quite acceptable for furniture colours. Definitions with respect to metameric indices and the procedures for their evaluation are described in the
26、following CIE publications: CIE 15.2, Colorimetry, 2nd ed. (1986) (Contains Special Metamerism Index: Change in Illuminant) CIE 51.2, A method for assessing the quality of daylight simulators for colorimetry (1999) CIE 80, Special metamerism index: Change in observer (1989) It can also be useful to
27、consider metamers in the evaluation of such colour image input devices as colour scanners and digital cameras, which, though designed to capture images in a way similar to that of the human visual system (HVS), nonetheless deviate enough from HVS sensitivity so that colour reproduction of sensed col
28、ours in display devices or print outputs are significantly different from that desired, even when the illumination conditions of the original human observation of an object have been recreated for the observation of the output image. To evaluate deviations due to variations in light sources and/or s
29、ensor sensitivities under actual conditions, it is useful to know the range of spectral differences in existing objects. Committee members have created an exhaustive collection of colours of existing objects, a database containing more than 50 000 items. This report details the extraction from the d
30、ata of 365 colour samples and their classification into sets, of which there are two types, “typical sets” and “difference sets”. “Typical sets” refers to sets of typical spectral reflectances and transmittances of objects as classified into a number of different categories. “Difference sets” refers
31、 to sets of metamers whose tristimulus values are roughly typical but whose spectral values are significantly non-typical. The entire original collection of more than 50 000 spectral data items is included, in electronic form, as part of this Technical Report in the data directory SourceData as desc
32、ribed in Annex A. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organ
33、ization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Graphic
34、 technology Standard object colour spectra database for colour reproduction evaluation (SOCS) 1 Scope This Technical Report provides a database of typical and difference sets of existing object colour spectral data that are suitable for evaluating the colour reproduction of image input devices. It a
35、lso includes the spectral reflectance and transmittance source data from which these data sets have been derived. 2 Standard object colour spectra 2.1 Object categories and sample selection 2.1.1 Categories and groups The following categories and subcategories were first established: (1) Photographi
36、c materials a. Transparencies b. Reflection prints (2) Offset prints (3) Computer colour prints a. Dye sublimation printer b. Electrostatic printer c. Ink-jet printer (4) Paint (not for art) (5) Paints (for art) a. Oil paints b. Water colours (6) Textiles a. Synthetic dyes b. Plant dyes (7) Flowers
37、and leaves (8) Outdoor scenes (Krinov data except for flowers and leaves) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted with
38、out license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved (9) Human skin a. Bare North Asian skin b. Foundation-applied North Asian skin c. Bare South Asian skin d. Foundation-applied South Asian skin e. Bare Caucasian skin f. Bare Negroid skin Spectral reflectance/transmittance
39、 data were then collected for more than 50 000 items falling into these categories/subcategories. Categories (1) to (5) and subcategory (6)a are for artificial colours, while subcategory (6)b and categories (7) to (9) are for natural colours. Typical sets and difference sets were established from 36
40、5 samples in this database. A typical set is a set of representative spectral data of colour objects, while a difference set is a set of metamers whose colour under D65 illuminant is similar to typical set samples but differs significantly from them spectrally. Samples for the typical and difference
41、 sets were selected as shown in Table 1. The manner of selecting typical samples depended on whether colours were artificial or natural. In most artificial colour groups, all colours are synthesized by mixing three or four colorants, and distributed almost uniformly in their colour gamut. Colours in
42、 the paint (not for art) and paints (for art) categories, however, are synthesized by mixing more than four colorants, and these categories were dealt with in the same manner as with natural colours. Selection strategies are described in following subsections. Table 1 Numbers of selected typical/dif
43、ference set colour samples Group Typical sets Difference sets Photo (transparency) 15 15 Photo (reflection print) 15 15 Offset prints 15 15 Dye sublimation printer 15 15 Electrostatic printer 15 15 Ink-jet printer 15 15 Textiles (synthetic dyes) 15 15 Flowers/grasses/leaves (includes Krinovs grasses
44、 and leaves) 25 25 Paint (not for art) 15 Oil paints 15 Water colours 15 Textiles (plant) 15 Non-grass/leaf Krinov 15 Bare North Asian skin 5 FD-applied North Asian skin 5 Bare South Asian skin 5 FD-applied South Asian skin 5 Bare Caucasian skin 5 Bare Negroid skin 5 Total 365 Copyright Internationa
45、l Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:58:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16066:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3 NOTE Foundation i
46、s a cosmetic used as a base for facial make-up. However, in this Technical Report, foundation applied skin means skin that is not bare, but covered with foundation and/or face powder. 2.1.2 Typical set selection for artificial colour groups There are seven artificial colour groups in Table 1: photog
47、raphic transparency, photographic reflection prints, offset prints, dye sublimation printer, electrostatic printer, ink-jet printer, and textiles (synthetic dyes). Colour samples can be obtained for every hue in these groups. Colorants can be expected to vary within any one group, as, for example, a
48、mong the many products of different photographic prints material manufacturers. Spectral reflectance measurements were carried out for several representative products among them. Statistical analysis was carried out on the measurement data, and the product whose characteristics most closely approximated the statistical average for the products as a whole was determined to be a typical colour product. A mathematical explanation for this is found in Annex B. F