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1、 Reference number ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8611-1 First edition 2004-02-15 Pallets for materials handling Flat pallets Part 1: Test methods Palettes pour la manutention Palettes plates Partie 1: Mthodes dessai ISO 8611-1:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain
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4、ers were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise
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6、ce Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative referenc
7、es .1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Measurements.2 5 Accuracy of tests and apparatus 2 6 Test load.3 7 List of tests3 8 Static tests.4 8.1 Test No. 1 Bending tests4 8.2 Test No. 2 Wing pallet bending tests5 8.3 Test No. 3 Air bag bending tests 7 8.4 Test No. 4 Fork lifting tests .10 8.5 Test No. 5 Com
8、pression tests for blocks or stringers .11 8.6 Test No. 6 Stacking test.13 8.7 Test No. 7 Dead-weight bending test .14 8.8 Test No. 8 Bottom deck bending tests.15 8.9 Test No. 9 Static shear test16 9 Dynamic strength tests 17 9.1 Test No. 10 Corner drop test.17 9.2 Inclined plane impact tests18 10 F
9、riction tests23 10.1 Test No. 14 Static coefficient of friction test .23 10.2 Test No. 15 Slip angle test.24 11 Test report25 11.1 General information all materials .25 11.2 Information for wooden and wood-based composite pallets.26 11.3 Information for plastic pallets26 11.4 Information for pallets
10、 made of other materials 26 Bibliography .27 -,-,- ISO 8611-1:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normall
11、y carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the
12、work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare In
13、ternational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
14、 the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 8611-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 51, Pallets for unit load method of materials handling. This first edition, together with ISO 861
15、1-2 and ISO 8611-3, cancels and replaces ISO 8611:1991. ISO 8611 consists of the following parts, under the general title Pallets for materials handling Flat pallets: Part 1: Test methods Part 2: Performance requirements and selection of tests (Technical Specification) Part 3: Maximum working load (
16、Technical Specification) ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved v Introduction The 1991 edition of ISO 8611 described a system of sequential testing that relied upon a pallet passing every test in a series. This meant that one pallet could be near to failure in one particular test where ano
17、ther pallet might be substantially over-designed. Using the (earlier) deflection criteria, both pallets were presented as equals in terms of safety factor. The notched stringer pallet was a good example of this where it was typically very stiff, but frequently near fracture point in the (old) bendin
18、g test. The new, three-part version of ISO 8611 redresses this in failing every specimen in order to establish a definite safety factor. Stiffness is dealt with as a separate series of measurements conducted during testing. Conducting the tests requires experience in testing (including the load) and
19、 also some expertise of the materials under test. This part of ISO 8611, in conjunction with ISO/TS 8611-2 and ISO/TS 8611-3, has been expressly designed to cover all pallet materials either when used alone or used as composites. A further change over ISO 8611:1991 is that all pallets for materials
20、handling are now covered and not just high quality through-transit, exchange or pool pallets. This part of ISO 8611 cannot be used to evaluate a pallet to normative ISO requirements without the additional application of ISO/TS 8611-2 and ISO/TS 8611-3. This part of ISO 8611 was designed to be couple
21、d with ISO/TR 10232:1989 General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods Design rating and maximum working load and ISO/TR 10233:1989 General- purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods Performance requirements. The changing of the title and the scope of ISO 6780 from General purpos
22、e flat pallets for through transit of goods Principal dimensions and tolerances, to a wider scope of Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling Principal dimensions and tolerances, makes it necessary to amend ISO 8611:1991 and the Technical Reports ISO/TR 10232 and ISO/TR 10233. The test m
23、ethods, performance requirements and design rating and maximum working load should now include not only “general purpose pallets” but also all other pallets for materials handling. -,-,- -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 Pallets for materials handling Fla
24、t pallets Part 1: Test methods 1 Scope This part of ISO 8611 specifies test methods of existing and prototype flat pallets for materials handling (for all types of use). NOTE Specific tests for determining load capacity do not replace the value of conducting field tests on specific pallet designs. 2
25、 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 445, Pallets for materi
26、als handling Vocabulary ISO 2244, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads Horizontal impact tests ISO/TS 8611-2:1), Pallets for materials handling Flat pallets Part 2: Performance requirements and selection of tests ISO 12777-1, Methods of test for pallet joints Part 1: Determin
27、ation of bending resistance of pallet nails, other dowel-type fasteners and staples EN 13183-2, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber Part 2: Estimation by electrical resistance method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 445 (some of
28、 which are repeated below for convenience) and the following apply. 3.1 test load load applicators, the load board or load box and the applied load itself 1) To be published. ISO 8611-1:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3.2 ultimate load load at which compression, displacement or deflection is
29、no longer contained, resulting in the destruction of the specimen or breaking of one component, or when displacement, deformation or deflection becomes excessive NOTE See Table 1 of ISO/TS 8611-2:. 3.3 stiffness relative deformation of a pallet or component under load NOTE High stiffness means small
30、 displacement, deflection or deformation, for a given load. 3.4 racking storage of loaded pallets in drive-in or beam racks 3.5 stacking placing of pallets with unit loads one upon the other without recourse to intermediate shelves or racking 3.6 payload load carried by the pallet in use 4 Measureme
31、nts 4.1 Pallets selected for testing shall be checked to ensure that materials, construction and dimensions conform to any associated written specification. 4.2 The mass and the material of each pallet shall be determined and recorded at the time of testing. 4.3 The moisture content of wooden pallet
32、s shall be measured and recorded in accordance with EN 13183-2 at the time of testing. NOTE Clause 11 gives further details on what should be recorded during testing and in the written report. 5 Accuracy of tests and apparatus 5.1 Test apparatus shall satisfy the following requirements: a) in the de
33、sign of the test equipment, the tolerances on all dimensions shall be 2 %; b) the accuracy of measuring equipment for tests shall be 0,5 mm; c) the accuracy of positioning of every component, excluding the test load, shall be 2 mm, measurement gauges shall be positioned to 4 mm; d) the accuracy of p
34、ositioning of the centre of application of test load (where used) shall be 10 mm; e) the total mass of the test load applied shall be within 3 % of the prescribed value. 5.2 No part of any test rig shall distort an amount greater than 3 mm when under maximum test load. Distortion of the test rig sha
35、ll be taken into account in measuring deflections of the pallet. NOTE Using heavy duty steel box sections in the construction of fixtures in tests 1 and 2 (see Table 1) will normally result in central distortions approaching the 3 mm given limit. 5.3 The inclined plane apparatus shall be constructed
36、 as specified in ISO 2244 and shall permit inclined travel distance to change by 250 mm increments from 250 mm to 1 250 mm, each increment to within 5 mm. -,-,- ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 6 Test load A general value for the test load is not fixed. The test load for each test i
37、s defined in ISO/TS 8611-2. The test load shall be applied with hydraulic or air pressure or with dead load and shall increase continuously or in steps to the failure (for determination of ultimate load) or up to the fixed value (for qualification tests). 7 List of tests The matrix of tests applicab
38、le to this document are as shown in Table 1. For tests numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8, two tests (a and b) are necessary, which can be carried out in one test sample (first b and then a) or in two separate test samples. For tests numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8, testing shall always be conducted with new
39、 untested pallets. Table 1 List of tests Test No. Test Measurement Characteristic Handling activity or purpose of the test Ref. No. Static tests 8 1 Bending tests 8.1 1a Bending strength 8.1.3.1 1b Bending stiffness Pallet length, width Racking 8.1.3.2 2 Wing pallet bending tests 8.2 2a Bending stre
40、ngth 8.2.3.1 2b Bending stiffness Pallet length, width Lifting with slings 8.2.3.2 3 Air bag bending tests 8.3 3a Bending strength 8.3.3.1 3b Bending stiffness Pallet length, width Racking 8.3.3.2 4 Fork lifting tests 8.4 4a Bending strength 8.4.3.1 4b Bending stiffness Top deck Lifting with forklif
41、t and pallet trucks 8.4.3.2 5 Compression tests for blocks or stringers 8.5 5a Blocks or stringers strength 8.5.3.1 5b Blocks or stringers stiffness Height of blocks, stringers Any activity that compress blocks or stringers 8.5.3.2 6 Stacking test Top and bottom deck Stacking 8.6 7 Dead-weight bendi
42、ng test Pallet length, width Racking 8.7 8 Bottom deck bending tests 8.8 8a Bending strength 8.8.3.1 8b Bending stiffness Bottom deck Racking/stacking/ conveyors 8.8.3.2 9 Static shear test Decks, blocks, stringer Distortion resistance 8.9 Dynamic strength tests 9 10 Corner drop test Diagonal rigidi
43、ty Resistance to impacts 9.1 11 Shear impact test Decks, blocks, stringer Distortion resistance 9.2.2 12 Top deck edge impact test Top leading deckboard Resistance to fork arms 9.2.3 13 Block impact test Corner block, stringer Resistance to fork tip 9.2.4 Friction tests 10 14 Static coefficient of f
44、riction test Under deck/fork arms Slip resistance on fork arms 10.1 15 Slip angle test Top deck/payload Slip resistance of loads 10.2 ISO 8611-1:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 8 Static tests 8.1 Test No. 1 Bending tests 8.1.1 Purpose The purpose of these tests is to determine the bending str
45、ength (Test 1a) and bending stiffness (Test 1b) of the pallet in racking situations. 8.1.2 Procedure 8.1.2.1 In order to establish the weakest pallet support dimension, test one pallet across the length of the pallet and then a second pallet across the width of the pallet. There is no requirement fo
46、r further tests on the stronger dimension unless the result was within 15 % of the weaker. 8.1.2.2 This having been established, place a fresh pallet across its weakest side, top deck uppermost, on pallet supports positioned with their centrelines 75 mm from the outer edges of the pallet. The load a
47、pplicators shall be positioned at 0,25 L1 or 0,25 L2, when measured as shown, where L1 or L2 is the distance between the centre lines of the pallet supports (see Figure 1). 8.1.2.3 Load applicators and supports shall be flush with or project beyond the edges of the pallet. Edges shall be relieved wi
48、th 2 mm 1 mm radii. Where load applicators coincide with gaps between deckboards, in-fill pieces of equal thickness to deckboards with 3 mm to 6 mm overall clearance on each shall be used. Place on the pallet deck the load applicators and the load board, then apply the rest of the test load. Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 test load 3 load applicator 5 safety stop 2 load board 4 support 6 lip Figure 1 Bending test -,-,- ISO 8611-1:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 5 8.1.3 Measurements 8.1.3.1 Test No. 1a Determination of bendin