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1、 Reference number ISO 4365:2005(E) ISO 2005 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4365 Second edition 2005-02-01 Liquid flow in open channels Sediment in streams and canals Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density Mesure de dbit des liquides dans les canaux dcouverts Sdim
2、ents dans les cours deau et dans les canaux Dtermination de la concentration, de la distribution granulomtrique et de la densit relative Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/0
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7、icrofilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii IS
8、O 2005 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) ISO
9、 2005 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Units of measurement 2 5 Properties of sediment. 2 5.1 General. 2 5.2 Properties of individual particles 2 5.3 Bulk characteristics 3 6 Sampling 3 7 Suspended sedim
10、ent concentration. 3 7.1 Methods for determining the suspended sediment concentration . 3 7.2 Expression of concentration . 4 8 Particle-size analysis 5 8.1 Particle-size analysis of suspended sediment 5 8.2 Particle size analysis of bed load and bed material 5 8.3 Expression of the particle-size di
11、stribution. 6 9 Determination of relative density 8 10 Determination of particle-size distribution characteristics 8 11 Data processing 8 Annex A (normative) Determination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the evaporation method (for coarse sediment particles) 9 Annex B (normative) Deter
12、mination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the filtration method using filter paper. 11 Annex C (normative) Determination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the filtration method using gooch or other crucibles. 13 Annex D (normative) Determination of the particle-size distribu
13、tion of suspended sediment 15 Annex E (normative) Determination of the particle-size distribution of bed-load and bed material. 19 Annex F (normative) Determination of the relative density of sediment 43 Annex G (normative) Determination of the particle-size distribution characteristics. 44 Bibliogr
14、aphy . 47 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All righ
15、ts reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject f
16、or which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on
17、 all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees a
18、re circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
19、responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4365 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 6, Sediment transport. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4365:1985), which has been technically revised. Copyright Internation
20、al Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved v Introduction In deal
21、ing with problems of sedimentation and sediment transport, knowledge of the concentration and the characteristics of the sediment, such as particle size distribution and relative density, is of great importance. For this purpose, sediment samples are collected by suitable samplers and analysed in a
22、laboratory. The results of the analysis are used in the calculation of sediment load, mean diameter and other characteristics. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:
23、33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitte
24、d without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4365:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1 Liquid flow in open channels Sediment in streams and canals Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density 1 Scope This International Standard specifies methods fo
25、r determining the concentration, particle-size distribution and relative density of sediment in streams and canals. NOTE The detailed methods of analysis are set out in the annexes. Annexes A, B and C deal with the determination of the suspended sediment concentration by evaporation and filtration.
26、Annexes D and E deal with the particle-size analysis of suspended sediment and outline the procedures for the bed-load and bed material sediment, respectively. Annex F deals with the determination of the relative density of sediment and Annex G with the determination of particle size distribution ch
27、aracteristics. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 772, Hy
28、drometric determinations Vocabulary and symbols ISO 4363, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Methods for measurement of characteristics of suspended sediment ISO 4364, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Bed material sampling 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document,
29、 the terms and definitions given in ISO 772 and the following apply. 3.1 bed-load sediment in almost continuous contact with the bed, carried forward by rolling, sliding or hopping 3.2 bed material sediment of which the stream bed in composed 3.3 bed material load that part of the total sediment tra
30、nsported consisting of the bed material whose rate of movement is governed by the transporting capacity of the channel 3.4 nominal diameter diameter of a sphere of the same volume as the given particle Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Li
31、censee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) 2 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 3.5 projected diameter diameter of the smallest circle that encloses the projected image of a par
32、ticle when viewed in the plane of maximum stability 3.6 sediment concentration ratio of the mass or volume of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the total mass or volume of the suspension NOTE When reporting, it is necessary to mention whether mass concentration or volume concentration is r
33、eported. 3.7 sedimentation diameter diameter of a sphere having the same relative density and terminal settling velocity as a given particle in the same sedimentation fluid 3.8 sieve diameter width of a square opening through which the given particles will just pass 3.9 relative density ratio of the
34、 mass of a given volume of sediment to the mass of an equal volume of water 3.10 suspended load that part of the total sediment transported which is maintained in suspension by turbulence in the flowing water for considerable periods of time without contact with the streambed NOTE The sediment moves
35、 practically with the same velocity as that of the flowing water. It is generally expressed as a mass or volume per unit of time. 4 Units of measurement The units of measurement used in this International Standard are those of the International System of Units (SI). 5 Properties of sediment 5.1 Gene
36、ral The transport of sediment depends as much upon the properties of the sediment as upon the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. The properties of sediment are defined by individual particle characteristics and bulk characteristics. 5.2 Properties of individual particles Sediment size is the mos
37、t commonly used parameter to designate the properties of individual particles. While the size of sediment and its packing directly affect the roughness of the bed, the settling velocity of the particles characterizes their reaction to flow and governs the movement of the sediment. This, in turn, dep
38、ends upon the relative density, shape and size of the particle. Since particles of natural sediment are of irregular shape, a single length or diameter has to be chosen to characterize the size. Four such diameters, i.e. nominal diameter, projected diameter, sedimentation diameter and sieve diameter
39、, are used for different particle sizes or purposes (for example, sieve diameter for coarse Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or network
40、ing permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 3 and medium particles, sedimentation diameter for fine particles that are not usually separated by sieves). The nominal diameter has little significance in sediment transport, but is useful in the study of se
41、dimentary deposits. 5.3 Bulk characteristics As sediments consist of large numbers of particles differing in size, shape, relative density, settling velocity, etc., it is essential to find some parameters that can represent the characteristics of the group of particles as a whole. Therefore, a sampl
42、e of sediment is usually divided into class intervals according to characteristics (size, settling velocity, etc.) and the percentage by mass of the total in each interval is determined for the particular characteristic. Frequency distribution curves can be drawn from these data and the sediment par
43、ameters (mean, standard deviation, etc.) determined. 6 Sampling Samples of suspended sediment shall be collected as specified in ISO 4363. 7 Suspended sediment concentration 7.1 Methods for determining the suspended sediment concentration 7.1.1 General Suspended sediment concentrations may be determ
44、ined by the following methods: a) evaporation method; b) filtration method; c) hydrometer method (also used for determining particle size). NOTE Although the evaporation method 7.1.1 a) requires less time, the filtration method 7.1.1 b) has the advantage that the fractions collected can be photograp
45、hed on the filters and are available for further examination. However, the filtration method is prone to greater loss of material, whereas in the evaporation method, the ratio of sample mass to tare mass is small. Therefore, no hard and fast guidelines can be provided for the choice of method, and i
46、t is necessary to judge each case on its merits. 7.1.2 Evaporation method The evaporation method is specified in Annex A. 7.1.3 Filtration method 7.1.3.1 The filtration may be carried out using either a filter paper in a conical glass funnel or a glass-fibre filter disc in a Coors or a Gooch crucibl
47、e, or a fritted glass or an Alundum crucible, with the application of a vacuum aspirator system to accelerate the passage of the filtrate. The filtration method using a filter paper and a funnel is specified in Annex B. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under l
48、icense with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 01:33:14 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4365:2005(E) 4 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 7.1.3.2 Filter discs of glass fibre made without organic bindings, such as Whatman grade 934 AH or Gelman type A/E or Millipore type AP 40 or equivalent1), can be used in a suitable filtration apparatus such as