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1、TECHNICAL REPORT First edition 1997-09-01 Determination of volume of water and water level in lakes and reservoirs fIBtermination du volume et du niveau d eaux dans les lacs et r - type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not
2、 immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; - type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to rev
3、iew within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. lSO/TR 11330, which is a Technical Report of t
4、ype 2, was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometric determinations, Subcom- mittee SC 1, Velocity-area methods. 0 ISOl! All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inc
5、luding photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Gen a=4OOnet; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central Printed in Switzerfand ii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS und
6、er license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Q IS0 lSO/TR 11330:1997(E) This document is being issued in the Technical Report (type 2) series of publications (according
7、 to subclause G.3.2.2 of part 1 of the ISO/IEC Directives, 1995) as a “prospective standard for provisional application” in the field of hydrometric determinations because there is an urgent need for guidance on how standards in this field should be used to meet an identified need. This document is
8、not to be regarded as an “International Standard”. It is proposed for provisional application so that information and experience of its use in practice may be gathered. Comments on the content of this document should be sent to the IS0 Central Secretariat. A review of this Technical Report (type 2)
9、will be carried out not later than three years after its publication with the options of: extension for another three years; conversion into an International Standard; or withdrawal. Annexes A and B of this Technical Report are for information only. . . . III Copyright International Organization for
10、 Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORT 0 IS0 lSO/TR 11330: 1997(E) Determination of volume of water and water
11、 level in lakes and reservoirs 1 Scope This Technical Report deals with the survey of the topography of lakes and reservoirs for the determination of volume of line storage and the determination of water level, the objective being to establish a relation between water level and volume. Both conventi
12、onal surveying methods and electronic distance measurement (EDM) and Global Positioning System (GPS) total station methods are included. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Technical Report. At the tim
13、e of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Technical Report are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain re
14、gisters of currently valid International Standards. IS0 7729996, Hydrometric determinations - Vocabulary and symbols. IS0 4366: 1979, Echo sounders for water depth measurements. IS0 4373:1995, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Water-level measuring devices. IS0 64209 984, Liquid flow mea
15、surement in open channels - Position fixing equipment for hydrometric boats. 3 Definitions and symbols For the purpose of this Technical Report, the definitions and symbols given in IS0 772 and the following definitions appb. 3.1 live storage: Storage which can be drawn off from the reservoir to dow
16、nstream users. 3.2 total storage: Storage between the lowest bed level and top water level. 3.3 flood storage: Volume held above top water level during a flood event. NOTE - Flood storage is not retained in the reservoir but is discharged until the normal top water level is reached. Copyright Intern
17、ational Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- lSO/TR 11330:1997(E) Q IS0 4 Topography survey and analysis 4.1
18、 Procedure The procedure adopted requires: a) threedimensional coordinates of points on the bed of the reservoir; b) contoured bathymetric plans and topographic survey above top water level; c) water level : volume curves or tables or both. 5 Volume determination by conventional surveying methods 5.
19、1 Survey below water level The survey of that part of the lake or reservoir below the water surface requires a launch equipped with an echo sounder. The position of the launch is fixed during echo sounder runs by means of a sextant or theodolite. Targets are located at both ends of each section line
20、 in accordance with IS0 4366. 5.2 Choice of cross-sections The chosen cross-sections should take into account the size and shape of the water body and should generally be close enough for accurate calculation but not greater than 1 km apart. In general, the rule is to select range locations such tha
21、t the volumes computed by the average end-area method (the average cross-sectional area at both ends of each lake reach multiplied by the length of the reach) reasonably represents the volume of the valley between ranges. 5.3 Location of ranges Ranges should be located such that the area of the poly
22、gon enclosed by the range end-points accurately reproduces the area of the water body between adjacent ranges. This rule neglects errors arising from irregular channel bottoms, but in most topography, the lake or reservoir bottom irregularity is frequently correlated with shore irregularity. Where p
23、ossible, cross-sections should be located near the mouths and heads of tributary arms. 5.4 Plotting contours Contours should be plotted using all measured levels on the cross-sections, both below and above the water surface. The scale of the plot will depend on the size of the water body, but a scal
24、e of 1:200 or 1:20 000 should be appropriate in most cases, with a vertical scale of 20 cm to 30 cm. 5.5 Calculation of volume The plan area enclosed by each contiguous contour should be calculated with a constant vertical interval between each contour. The total volume can then be determined by a p
25、rismoidal end-area or other suitable method. 5.6 Water level during survey When the survey is in progress, the opportunity should be taken to read the reference staff gauge(s) if available. 5.7 Use of conventional surveying The conventional surveying method is now seldom used for volume determinatio
26、n of lakes or reservoirs whose surface areas are greater than 500 km2 and whose smallest linear dimension at top water level exceeds 10 km. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 0
27、4/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 0 IS0 ISO/TR 11330: 1997(E) 6 Volume determination by modern surveying methods 6.1 General The advent of electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) and computer software facilities in surveying, together wit
28、h the Global Positioning System (GPS), has virtually revolutionized land surveying. 6.2 The EDM Total Station method A fully integrated survey system, consisting of a combination of theodolite, EDM equipment, data processor and dedicated software gives X, y and z coordinates directly and encompasses
29、 everything from field observations to the production of the final plans. This integrated system is known as the Total Station. 6.2.1 Water depth : volume curves All survey data are transferred from the total station to an electronic notepad which allows input in the form of three- dimensional coord
30、inates. All data from topographic and sonar surveys are inserted into a computer with a dedicated software package to produce contour plans and water depth : volume curves. 6.2.2 Range of EDM Total Station The major advantage of EDM, apart from speed and accuracy, is that greater distances can be su
31、rveyed, irrespective of ground conditions. The maximum range of an EDM Total Station is about 8 km. This enables the largest water bodies to be surveyed. The EDM system is based on measuring the transit time of an electromagnetic beam emitted from a transmitter-receiver to a reflecting target or pri
32、sm and back again. A combination of EDM and theodolite causes the electromagnetic beam to pass through the telescope optical system. Care is therefore exercised in positioning the prisms around the lake or reservoir with respect to the EDM Total Station and the launch position. Though modern techniq
33、ues no longer require working along cross-sections, they still need to concentrate on irregular areas. 6.3 The GPS receiver Twenty-four GPS satellites orbit the earth twice per day at an altitude of 20200 km. GPS receivers on the ground calculate their positions by making distance measurements to fo
34、ur or more satellites. The satellites function as known reference points that broadcast (free) satellite identity, position and time information via codes on two carrier frequencies - 157542 MHz and 1227,6 MHz. Measurements of distance to each individual satellite are made by analysing the time it t
35、akes for a signal to travel from a satellite to a GPS receiver. Trilateration is then used to establish the GPS receiver s position. Since latitude and longitude and height of each point are displayed, distances between points are also displayed. 6.3.1 GPS system of surveying A receiver is installed
36、 in the launch whose position can be displayed and recorded along with sonar data from an echo sounder. The GPS Total Station can be used in the travelling mode such that the survey launch can troll the waters of reservoirs and lakes without the need for pre-defined range locations. In the GPS syste
37、m of contouring, one base station set-up can serve many roving units (outstations equipped with receivers and data links) within a 10 km radius. There is therefore no practical limit to the size of water body to be surveyed; it will depend on the number of base stations and rovers which can be set u
38、p. 6.3.2 GPS Total Station determination of volume The GPS Total Station can be mounted on vehicles to extend the survey and provide contour and topographic surveying data. For small water bodies (see 5.7) a combination of vehicles and individual surveyors with back-pack and hand-held survey control
39、lers can be employed. Each GPS receiver, whether it be tripod-mounted, vehicle- mounted, rover or backpack, accepts and processes raw distance signals from multiple GPS satellites. 3 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technic
40、al Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOKR 11330:1997(E) Q IS0 The rover unit merges carrier-phase data broadcast from the base station with incoming satellite signals to establish three-dimensional co
41、ordinates of the survey points with 10 mm accuracy. The coordinates are displayed after a few seconds of point occupation and, to extend the system s range, radio repeaters can be used to re-broadcast GPS carrier-phase data over and around hilly obstructions. All GPS data and sonar data are transfer
42、red directly from hand-held survey controllers and converted via dedicated commercially available software packages into the necessary output of contour plans, lake or reservoir configuration, three-dimensional drawings and water depth: volume curves. The GPS Total Station surveying method for the d
43、etermination of volume of lakes and reservoirs employing rover vehicles and hand-held roving units is now becoming a fast and accurate method of land surveying. For each application of the system, description of a suitable software for navigation, data acquisition, analysis and plotting should be pr
44、ovided (see annex A). 6.3.3 Radio position-fixing system A radio position-fixing system should be provided. Proprietary standard radio position-fixing systems can be used for surveying most sizes of open water surface with a usual accuracy within 1 m to 3 m. Positions of the stationary or moving tar
45、get which contain the radio receiver are fixed electronically by an intersection method with reference to the two or three fixed reference stations installed for this purpose at known locations. 6.3.4 GPS Total Station power requirements The power requirements for sensors and controller units are ge
46、nerally of the following order: Sensor: maximum 9 W Sensor and controller: 12w Supply voltage: 12 V d-c Recommended battery: 12 V, 7 A.h NiCd for up to about 6 h continuous operation at 20 “C. 6.3.5 GPS Total Station display A typical display, nominally 8 lines of 40 characters, gives the following
47、information: Satellite status/satellite health; satellite-tracking information; azimuth, elevation, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.; data-logging information; receiver information; point numbers; attributes and codes; loss of lock information; STOP and GO information; real-time navigation position; lati
48、tude, longitude, ellipsoidal, height in WGS84; grid coordinates in local system; GDOP/PDOP; local time/GPS time/time zone; real-time navigation; way points, course, bearing, distance, speed. 4 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NA
49、SA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:30:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 ISO/TR 11330:1997(E) 7 Water level measurement 7.1 Recording of water level The water level of a lake or reservoir should be measured according to IS0 4373 and recorded by one of the methods outlined therein. If continuous