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1、 Reference number ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) ISO 2003 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16015 First edition 2003-03-15 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Systematic errors and contributions to measurement uncertainty of length measurement due to thermal influences Spcifications gomtriques des produits (GPS) E
2、rreurs systmatiques et contributions lincertitude de mesure de la longueur, dues aux influences thermiques Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduc
3、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to
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6、s found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permissi
7、on in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved
8、 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reser
9、ved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.2 3.1 Terms concerning coefficient of thermal expansion 2 3.2 Terms concerning thermal expansion3 3.3 Dimensional consequences of temperature variation4 3.4 Measuring instruments, measuring pro
10、cedures and metrology6 3.5 Dimensional quantities related to thermal effects.7 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms8 5 Procedure.10 5.1 General.10 5.2 Evaluate uncertainties of workpiece and working standard temperatures10 5.3 Evaluate uncertainties of coefficients of thermal expansion.11 5.4 Evaluate le
11、ngth uncertainty due to environmental temperature variation .11 5.5 Evaluate standard uncertainty component due to other thermal effects .11 Annex A (informative) Advisory information on temperature environment for length measurement.14 Annex B (informative) Uncertainty in length measurement due to
12、thermal effects Example33 Annex C (informative) Relationship to the GPS matrix model.37 Bibliography .38 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproducti
13、on or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards i
14、s normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take par
15、t in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to p
16、repare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a tech
17、nical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative
18、in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all suc
19、h patent rights. ISO/TR 16015 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Re
20、sale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved v Introduction This Technical Report is a geometrical product specification (GPS) document and is to be regarded as a global GPS document (see ISO/TR
21、14638). It influences chain links 4, 5 and 6 of the chains of standards. For more detailed information on the relationship of this Technical Report to other standards and to the GPS matrix model, see Annex C. Uncertainty in temperature measurement and measurement at other than the standard reference
22、 temperature lead to uncertainty in the length measurement results. In addition, measurements at other than the standard reference temperature leads to systematic error in the measurement result. The principle addressed by this Technical Report is that most materials expand or contract when their te
23、mperatures are changed. If the temperature at which the measurement is made is the standard reference temperature, the nominal thermal expansion is zero but uncertainty in the measurement of temperature leads to uncertainty in the measurement result. If length measurements are made at temperatures o
24、ther than the standard reference temperature, there will be a resulting differential thermal expansion. This can arise both when the measuring instrument is adjusted, as by comparison with a working standard, and when it is used to measure the workpiece. If the temperatures and the response to therm
25、al changes of the workpiece, the working standard, and the measuring instrument are known, a correction can be made for differential thermal expansion. It is impossible to know exactly either the temperatures or the response; thus, there will be an uncertainty in the correction and in the measuremen
26、t result. This Technical Report shows how to calculate the relevant systematic error and evaluate the thermal contribution to the measurement uncertainty. The resulting standard uncertainty component due to thermal effects shall be combined in the usual manner (see GUM) in order to evaluate the comb
27、ined standard uncertainty for a measurement. When necessary, an appropriate decision rule (e.g. an acceptable fraction of workpiece tolerance or that embodied in ISO 14253-1) can be invoked so that the consequence of the thermally-induced dimensional uncertainty on workpiece conformance decisions ca
28、n be determined. ISO/TR 16015 is developed in support of ISO 1. It is recognized that this Technical Report, developed in support of ISO 1, will have to be brought in line with ISO/TS 17450-2, but at the time of publication this presentation was the only practical one possible. Copyright Internation
29、al Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
30、 IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Syste
31、matic errors and contributions to measurement uncertainty of length measurement due to thermal influences 1 Scope This Technical Report defines procedures for the determination of errors, appropriate corrections and the evaluation of measurement uncertainty contributors due to thermal influences in
32、the performance of length measurements for geometrical product specification (GPS), when the mean temperature is the standard reference temperature, the mean temperature is not the standard reference temperature and where the mean is taken over time and space, temperature varies with time. Three cas
33、es are considered: a) the mean temperature is the standard reference temperature; b) the mean temperature is not the standard reference temperature and the user makes corrections; c) the mean temperature is not the standard reference temperature and the user makes no corrections. This Technical Repo
34、rt provides the specialized details for the analysis of thermal influence when broader analyses, such as those in accordance with ISO/TS 14253-2, show that thermal effects are significant contributors to the measurement uncertainty, systematic error or both. While temperature gradients are not cover
35、ed in detail, some information is given (see Annex A). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includ
36、ing any amendments) applies. ISO 1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1st edition, 1993, corrected and r
37、eprinted in 1995 International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM). BIPM, IFCC, IEC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 2nd edition, 1993 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for
38、Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GUM and VIM and the following apply. 3.1 Terms conce
39、rning coefficient of thermal expansion 3.1.1 coefficient of thermal expansion ratio of the fractional change of length to the change in temperature NOTE 1 In general, this coefficient is a function of temperature. For the purposes of this Technical Report, however, a temperature range averaged value
40、 of the coefficient is used in accordance with 20 20 (20, ) (20) T LL T LT = (1) where the temperature range is relative to 20C in accordance with ISO 1. NOTE 2 To the symbol are added subscripts to denote the coefficient of thermal expansion for the workpiece (i.e. w ) and the working standard (i.e
41、. s). NOTE 3 Coefficient of thermal expansion can describe the behaviour of a non-homogeneous body such as a composite working standard or a workpiece that is an assembly of different materials. No distinction is made in this document between coefficients of expansion for homogeneous and composite w
42、orking standards or workpieces. 3.1.2 measured coefficient of thermal expansion m experimentally-determined coefficient of thermal expansion of a specific individual object NOTE 1 This coefficient can be obtained from the calibration service of an accredited measurement laboratory or from properly p
43、erformed experiments. NOTE 2 To the symbol m are added subscripts to denote the measured coefficient of thermal expansion for the workpiece (i.e. mw ) and the working standard (i.e. ms). 3.1.3 nominal coefficient of thermal expansion n approximate value for the coefficient of thermal expansion over
44、a range of temperature from 20 C to T NOTE To the symbol n are added subscripts to denote the nominal coefficient of thermal expansion for the workpiece (i.e. nw ) and the working standard (i.e. ns). Estimated values for nw and ns can be obtained from experiments on like objects or from published da
45、ta. 3.1.4 uncertainty of coefficient of thermal expansion u() parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the coefficient of thermal expansion NOTE 1 To the symbol u() are added subscripts to denote the uncertainty of coefficient of thermal expans
46、ion for the workpiece i.e. u(w) and the working standard i.e. u(s). Such values, like that of itself, shall either be estimates, based on an assumed probability distribution, or the results of experiments performed to measure . NOTE 2 The uncertainty for n is usually much larger than the uncertainty
47、 for m. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/09/2007 03:27:12 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 16015:2003(E) ISO 2003 All right
48、s reserved 3 3.2 Terms concerning thermal expansion 3.2.1 thermal expansion E change in length of a body, such as a workpiece or working standard, in response to a temperature change 3.2.2 thermal expansion based on nominal or measured coefficients of thermal expansion nE or mE estimate of the thermal expansion of an object from 20 C to its average temperature at the time of measurement NOTE 1 The estimate is based on either nominal or mea