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1、 Standard Test Method Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S Environments This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptanc
2、e does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE International standard is to be construed as gran
3、ting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and sh
4、ould in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE International assumes no re
5、sponsibility for the interpretation or use of this standard by other parties and accepts responsibility for only those official NACE International interpretations issued by NACE International in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by i
6、ndividual volunteers. Users of this NACE International standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessaril
7、y address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE International standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and
8、 environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periodic review, and
9、 may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee procedures. NACE International requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest e
10、dition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE International publications by contacting the NACE International FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281 228-6200). Revised 2005-12-0
11、3 Revised 1996 Revised 1990 Revised 1986 Approved in 1977 NACE International 1440 South Creek Dr. Houston, Texas 77084-4906 +1 281/228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-036-X 2005, NACE International NACE Standard TM0177-2005 Item No. 21212 TM0177-2005 NACE International i _ Foreword This standard addresses the tes
12、ting of metals for resistance to cracking failure under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in aqueous environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This phenomenon is generally termed sulfide stress cracking (SSC) when operating at room temperature and stress corrosion cracking (S
13、CC) when operating at higher temperatures. In recognition of the variation with temperature and with different materials this phenomenon is herein called environmental cracking (EC). For the purposes of this standard, EC includes only SSC, SCC, and hydrogen stress cracking (HSC). The primary purpose
14、 of this standard is to facilitate conformity in testing so that data from different sources can be compared on a common basis. Consequently, this standard aids the evaluation and selection of all types of metals and alloys, regardless of their form or application, for service in H2S environments. T
15、his standard contains methods for testing metals using tensile, bent-beam, C-ring, and double-cantilever-beam (DCB) test specimens. Certain ASTM(1) standard test methods have been listed as references for supplementary tests, creating a comprehensive test method standard. In addition, the four-point
16、 bent-beam test method is also referenced as a supplementary test.1,2 This standard is intended for use by laboratory and materials personnel to facilitate conformity in testing. SSC of metals exposed to oilfield environments containing H2S was recognized as a materials failure problem by 1952. Labo
17、ratory data and field experience have demonstrated that even extremely low concentrations of H2S may be sufficient to lead to SSC failure of susceptible materials. In some cases H2S can act synergistically with chlorides to produce corrosion and cracking (SSC and other mode) failures. However, labor
18、atory and operating experiences have also indicated to materials engineers the optimum selection and specification of materials having minimum susceptibility to SSC. This standard covers test methods for SSC (at room temperature) and SCC (at elevated temperature), but other failure modes (e.g., hydr
19、ogen blistering, hydrogen- induced cracking HIC, chloride stress corrosion cracking SCC, pitting corrosion, and mass-loss corrosion) must also be considered when selecting materials for use in sour (H2S-containing) environments. The need for better understanding of the variables involved in EC of me
20、tals in oilfield environments and better correlation of data has become apparent for several reasons. New design requirements by the oil and gas production industries call for higher-strength materials that, in general, are more susceptible to EC than lower-strength alloys. These design requirements
21、 have resulted in extensive development programs to obtain more resistant alloys and/or better heat treatments. At the same time, users in the petroleum refining and synthetic fuels industries are pushing present materials much closer to their mechanical limits. Room-temperature (SSC) failures in so
22、me alloys generally are believed to result from hydrogen embrittlement (HE). When hydrogen is cathodically evolved on the surface of a metal (as by corrosion or cathodic charging), the presence of H2S (and other compounds, such as those containing cyanides and arsenic) tends to cause hydrogen atoms
23、to enter the metal rather than to form hydrogen molecules that cannot enter the metal. In the metal, hydrogen atoms diffuse to regions of high triaxial tensile stress or to some microstructural configurations where they become trapped and decrease the ductility of the metal. Although there are sever
24、al kinds of cracking damage that can occur in metals, delayed brittle fracture of metals resulting from the combined action of corrosion in an aqueous sulfide environment and tensile stresses (failure may occur at stresses far below the yield stress) is the phenomenon known as SSC. In some cases, ho
25、wever, failure may be the result of localized anodic corrosion processes that may or may not involve hydrogen. In such instances failure is the result of anodic stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Such failures have historically been termed SSC even though their cause may not be hydrogen. _ (1) ASTM In
26、ternational (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. -,-,- TM0177-2005 ii NACE International This standard was originally published in 1977 by NACE International Task Group T-1F-9, a component of Unit Committee T-1F on Metallurgy of Oilfield Equipment. The standard was revised
27、in 1986, 1990, and 1996 by Task Group T-1F-9. It was revised in 2005 by Task Group (TG) 085 on Sulfide Corrosion Cracking: Metallic Materials Testing Techniques. TG 085 is administered by Specific Technology Group (STG) 32 on Oil and Gas ProductionMetallurgy and is sponsored by STG 62 on Corrosion M
28、onitoring and MeasurementScience and Engineering Applications. The standard is issued by NACE under the auspices of STG 32. In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual, 4th ed., Paragraph 7
29、.4.1.9. Shall and must are used to state mandatory requirements. The term should is used to state something considered good and is recommended but is not mandatory. The term may is used to state something considered optional. _ NACE International Standard Test Method Laboratory Testing of Metals for
30、 Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S Environments Contents 1. General. 1 2. EC Testing Variability. 1 3. Reagents 2 4. Test Specimens and Material Properties . 2 5. Test Vessels and Fixtures 3 6. Test Solutions. 3 7. Testing at Elevated Temperature/Pressure . 4
31、 8. Method ANACE Standard Tensile Test 7 9. Method BNACE Standard Bent-Beam Test 13 10. Method CNACE Standard C-Ring Test 20 11. Method DNACE Standard DCB Test 26 References 37 Appendix ASafety Considerations in Handling H2S Toxicity . 37 Appendix BExplanatory Notes on EC Test Method. 38 FIGURE 1:Sc
32、hematic Arrangement of Test Equipment for Method ANACE Standard Tensile Test. 5 FIGURE 2: Schematic Arrangement of Test Equipment for Method BNACE Standard Bent-Beam Test, Method CNACE Standard C-Ring Test, and Method DNACE Standard Double-Cantilever Beam Test . 6 -,-,- TM0177-2005 NACE Internationa
33、l iii FIGURE 3: Tensile Test Specimens. 8 FIGURE 4: Constant-Load (Dead-Weight) Device. 10 FIGURE 5: Sustained-Load Devices 11 FIGURE 6: Applied Stress vs. Log (Time-to-Failure) 16 FIGURE 7: Dimensional Drawing of the Standard Bent-Beam Test Specimen . 17 FIGURE 8: Typical Stressing Fixture for Bent
34、-Beam Test Specimen 18 FIGURE 9: Dimensional Drawing of the C-Ring Test Specimen 24 FIGURE 10: DCB Specimen. 30 Table 1NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method ANACE Standard Tensile Test. 14 Table 1NACE Uniform Material Testing Repor
35、t Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method ANACE Standard Tensile Test. 15 Table 2NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method BNACE Standard Bent-Beam Test 22 Table 2NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form
36、(Part 2): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method BNACE Standard Bent-Beam Test 23 Table 3NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method CNACE Standard C-Ring Test. 27 Table 3NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2)
37、: Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method CNACE Standard C-RingTest 28 Table 4Arm Displacements for API and Other Grade Oilfield Tubular Steels. 31 Table 5Suggested Arm Displacements for Selected Alloys and Strength Levels. 32 Table 6NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1):
38、 Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method DNACE Standard DCB Test. 35 Table 6NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordance with NACE Standard TM0177 Method DNACE Standard DCB Test. 36 _ -,-,- TM0177-2005 NACE International 1 _ Section 1: General 1.1 This sta
39、ndard covers the testing of metals subjected to tensile stresses for resistance to cracking failure in low-pH aqueous environments containing H2S. Carbon and low- alloy steels are commonly tested for EC resistance at room temperature where SSC susceptibility is typically high. For other types of all
40、oys the correlation of EC susceptibility with temperature is more complicated. 1.2 This standard describes the reagents, test specimens, and equipment to use, discusses base material and test specimen properties, and specifies the test procedures to follow. This standard describes four test methods:
41、 Method AStandard Tensile Test Method BStandard Bent-Beam Test Method CStandard C-Ring Test Method DStandard Double-Cantilever-Beam (DCB) Test Sections 1 through 7 of this standard give general comments that apply to all four test methods. Sections 8 through 11 indicate the test method to follow for
42、 each type of test specimen. General guidelines to help to determine the aptness of each test method are given at the beginning of each test method description (Sections 8 through 11). Reporting of the test results is also discussed. 1.3 Metals can be tested for resistance to EC at temperatures and
43、pressures that are either ambient (atmospheric) or elevated. 1.3.1 For testing at ambient conditions, the test procedures can be summarized as follows: Stressed test specimens are immersed in acidified aqueous environments containing H2S. Applied loads at convenient increments can be used to obtain
44、EC data. 1.3.2 For testing at temperatures higher than 27C (80F), at either atmospheric or elevated pressure, Section 7 describes an alternative test technique. All methods (A, B, C, and D) are adaptable to this technique. 1.4 This standard may be used for release or acceptance testing to ensure tha
45、t the product meets a certain minimum level of EC resistance as prescribed in API(2) Specification 5CT,3 ISO(3) 11960,4 or as prescribed by the user or purchaser. This standard may also provide a quantitative measure of the products EC resistance for research or informational purposes. This rating m
46、ay be based on: Method A The highest no-failure stress in 720 hours. Method B The statistically based critical stress factor (Sc) for a 50% probability of failure in 720 hours. Method C The highest no-failure stress in 720 hours. Method D The average KISSC (threshold stress intensity factor for SSC)
47、 for valid tests of replicate test specimens. 1.5 Safety Precautions: H2S is an extremely toxic gas that must be handled with care. (See Appendix A.) _ Section 2: EC Testing Variability 2.1 Interpretation of stress corrosion test results is a difficult task. The test methods contained in this standa
48、rd are severe, with accelerated tests making the evaluation of the data extremely difficult. In testing the reproducibility of the test methods among different laboratories, several undesirable side effects (frequent with many accelerated tests) that must be noted include: 2.1.1 The test environment may cause failure by HIC and hydrogen blis