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1、NACE Standard TM0173-2005 Item No. 21205 Standard Test Method Methods for Determining Quality of Subsurface Injection Water Using Membrane Filters This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its accep
2、tance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE International standard is to be construed as grantin
3、g any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and shoul
4、d in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE International assumes no respo
5、nsibility for the interpretation or use of this standard by other parties and accepts responsibility for only those official NACE International interpretations issued by NACE International in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by indi
6、vidual volunteers. Users of this NACE International standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily a
7、ddress all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE International standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and en
8、vironmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periodic review, and ma
9、y be revised or withdrawn at any time without prior notice. NACE International requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. Purchasers of NACE Internatio
10、nal standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE International publications by contacting the NACE Firstservice Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, TX, 77084-4906 (telephone + I 281 228-6200). Reaffirmed 2005-04-07 Revised 1999-06-25 Revised August 1992 Revised
11、February 1984 Reaffirmed February 1983 Revised June 1976 Approved February 1973 NACE International 1440 South Creek Drive Houston, Texas 77084-4906 +I (281) 228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-085-8 O 2005, NACE International Copyright NACE International Provided by IHS under license with NACELicensee=IHS Employe
12、es/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 19:27:51 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TM0173-2005 Foreword Corrosion engineers in the oil- and gas-producing industry are often charged with the responsibility of evaluating and controlling t
13、he quality of injection waters. Unfortunately, much of the data available are inadequate, misleading, or difficult to interpret. This standard was prepared to provide standard test methods for use by these engineers in evaluating water quality for injection waters. This standard was originally prepa
14、red in 1973 by NACE Task Group T-IC-12, revised in 1976, reaffirmed in 1983, and revised in 1984 and 1992 by T-IC-20, components of Unit Committee T- I C on Detection of Corrosion in Oilfield Equipment. T-IC was combined with T-ID on Corrosion Monitoring and Control of Corrosion Environments in Petr
15、oleum Production Operations. This standard was revised by T-ID-47 in 1999 and reaffirmed in 2005 by Specific Technology Group (STG) 31 on Oil and Gas Production-Corrosion and Scale Inhibition. This standard is issued by NACE International under the auspices of STG 31. In NACE standards, the terms sh
16、all, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual, 4th ed., Paragraph 7.4.1.9. Shall and must are used to state mandatory requirements. The term should is used to state something good and is recommended but is not mandatory. T
17、he term may is used to state something considered optional. NACE International I Copyright NACE International Provided by IHS under license with NACELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 19:27:51 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
18、 from IHS -,-,- TM0173-2005 NACE International Stand a rd Test Method Methods for Determining Quality of Subsurface Injection Water Using Membrane Filters Contents 1. General 1 2. Definitions 1 3. Description of Test Methods . 2 4. Test Apparatus 3 5. Preparation for Testing 6 6. Test Conditions . 7
19、 7. Test Procedures 7 11 12 12 Appendix A 12 Appendix B 13 Appendix C . 15 Figure 1: Example of a membrane filter holder for 47-mm (1.8-in.) membrane filter. 3 Figure 2: Membrane filter test apparatus showing membrane filter holder from Figure 1 Figure 3: Two-stage test apparatus with pressure gauge
20、 and regulator for repressurizing and testing sample from reservoir rather than water-handling system (Figure 2), used mainly when sample point cannot be easily adapted to on-stream application . 6 Figure 4: Example of a graphic representation of water quality. . 9 Figure 5: Apparatus for various wa
21、shings or extractions by vacuum filtration. . 10 Table 1 : Example of Membrane Filter Test Data 11 . . connected to water-handling system 4 II NACE International Copyright NACE International Provided by IHS under license with NACELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resal
22、e, 03/05/2007 19:27:51 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TM0173-2005 Section 1: General 1.1 This standard describes two test methods for evaluating water quality for subsurface injection: Procedure A-rate versus cumulative volume test (for water-quality monito
23、ring) and Procedure B-suspended solids test (for diagnosis or monitoring). These two test methods are intended to provide standardized water quality in the petroleum production industry. The test methods describe the apparatus required, test conditions, test procedures, reporting procedures, and sup
24、plementary tests. Interpretation of the results is beyond the scope of this standard. The bibliography supplies sources of interpretation methods. 1.1.1 Before establishing a test program, the aim of the test should be determined and appropriate criteria for evaluation of the test results should be
25、established. For example, if the intent is to use membrane filtration as a simple water control test, the control criterion might be a given slope of the filtration curve. If diagnostic information is required, more emphasis may be placed on qualitative information, such as the shape of the filtrati
26、on curve, or spot tests on the filtered solids as well as visual examination of the filter immediately after the test. 1.1.2 Membrane filtration may also be used to monitor pickup of suspended solids from the formation, in which case quantitative determination of solids on the filter may be the sele
27、cted criterion. Each situation should receive an appropriate review of the parameters involved . 1.2 The injection behavior of subsurface formations varies widely, and results of water-quality tests apply only to the system being tested. Application of the results obtained by these tests, therefore,
28、 is strongly influenced by the requirements of each subsurface injection project. This standard should be used for routine monitoring of water quality, diagnosing of problems, evaluating effects of system changes and upsets, and monitoring effects of chemical treatment. The manner in which the test
29、results are used depends on the requirements of the specific injection system. 1.3 This standard is applicable only when precautions are observed to ensure that the sample is representative of the water in the system of interest. It is not the purpose of this standard to imply that the results or th
30、eir interpretation may be arbitrarily applied to other water injection projects. Section 2: Definitions 2.1 Suspended solids, as used in this standard, are defined as the nonwater, nondissolved substances that exist in the water. These may typically include, but are not limited to, materials such as
31、 iron sulfides and oxides, precipitated carbonates and sulfates, sands and silts, oils, paraffins and asphaltenes, and materials of biological origin. The suspended solids may also be considered as the materials in the water that can cause plugging and loss of injectivity in injection wells. 2.1 .I
32、Oil carryover or hydrocarbon-soluble suspended solids are the portions that are soluble in a suitable hydrocarbon solvent. This standard is not intended to be an accurate quantitative test for oil or hydrocarbons. Oil carryover in the water cannot always be measured by this technique because oil can
33、 pass through the membrane filter. This method can give only a qualitative indication of the oil carryover. Other measurement methods should be used when quantitative data are desired. These methods are listed in the bibliography. 2.1.2 Primary suspended solids or in-line suspended solids are those
34、substances that exist in the water at the time of sampling. 2.2 Membrane filters, as used in this standard, refer to porous disks composed of pure and biologically inert cellulose esters. Unless specified to the contrary, the membrane filters have a mean pore size of 0.45 pm (10.02 pm), a diameter o
35、f 47 mm (1.8 in.), a thickness of 15 pm (I10 pm), and an average total pore volume of approximately 80% of the total filter volume. 2.2.1 Preweighed membrane filters are those that have been weighed prior to the test. 2.2.2 Matched-weight membrane filters are those obtained from the supplier in pair
36、s with identical weights (I0.02 mg). NACE International 1 Copyright NACE International Provided by IHS under license with NACELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 19:27:51 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TM0173-
37、2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3: Description of Test Methods 3.1 Rate versus Cumulative Volume Test (Procedure A) 3.1.1 This test method consists of passing a fixed volume o
38、f injection water through a membrane filter under constant pressure and measuring the flow rate and cumulative volume of water at intervals. 3.1.2 This test is designed primarily for monitoring injection water quality. A plot of the flow rate versus cumulative volume of water gives a general indicat
39、ion of the quality of the injected water. 3.2 Suspended Solids Test (Procedure B) 3.2.1 This test method consists of collecting samples of primary solids as they exist in a water system. The suspended solids from several liters of water are collected on a membrane filter in a manner that permits lar
40、ger, more representative samples than those obtained from bottle samples. 3.2.2 This test method provides a simple procedure for collecting samples that are useful in the diagnosis of problems encountered in handling water for subsurface injection. The quantity of in-line solids and the composition
41、of these solids can be determined. 3.3 The suspended solids test and the rate versus cumulative volume test may be run concurrently. 3.4 A number of supplementary tests are available to identify the plugging material. 3.4.1 Microscopic Examination (See Appendix A) 3.4.1 .I This test consists of view
42、ing the membrane filter with oblique incident light or transmitted light, and inspecting the membrane filter under a microscope. It is useful for determining the nature of the plugging material in injection systems. 3.4.2 Microchemical Spot Test Methods (See Appendix B) 3.4.2.1 Sulfates. This test i
43、s specific for sulfates and consists of adding acids and lead nitrate to a membrane filter. Sulfate shows up as white, grainy reaction spots. 3.4.2.2 Silica. This test consists of adding benzidine to a membrane filter and exposing it to ammonia to develop a blue color. 3.4.2.3 Iron. This test consis
44、ts of solubilizing the iron in a solids sample on a membrane filter and developing a blue color. 3.4.2.4 Protein. This test consists of filtering 1 L of water through a membrane filter and dye staining. A red stain that remains is an indication of the presence of protein. 3.4.2.5 Iron Sulfide. This
45、test consists of dissolving the solids sample on a membrane filter in hydrochloric acid containing sodium arsenite. A bright canary yellow precipitate is formed if the sample contains iron sulfide. 3.4.3 Hydrocarbon-Soluble Suspended Solids Test (See Appendix C) 3.4.3.1 This test method consists of
46、washing the solids retained on the membrane filter as described in Paragraph 3.2.1 with increments of suitable solvents such as toluene, xylene, and 1 ,I ,I-trichloroethane until the filtrate is colorless. The membrane filter is then dried and weighed. The hydrocarbon-soluble suspended solids conten
47、t is calculated from the mass loss during solvent washing. 3.4.3.2 The solvents referred to in Paragraph 3.4.3.1 are considered hazardous. Toluene and xylene are flammable and present a fire hazard. All of the solvents are harmful in the following ways: (1) vapors are harmful to breathe; (2) contact
48、 with skin may cause chemical burns; (3) solvents may cause severe eye damage; and (4) solvents may cause death if ingested. Therefore, the solvents must be used in fume hoods or other properly ventilated areas. Eye protection and appropriate clothing must be worn. 3.4.4 Acid-Soluble and Acid-Insolu
49、ble Suspended Solids Test (see Appendix C) 3.4.4.1 This test method consists of washing the membrane filter from the hydrocarbon-soluble suspended solids test in Paragraph 3.4.3.1 with warm hydrochloric acid. The membrane filter is then rinsed with distilled water until chloride ions are no longer detectable. The membrane filter is dried and weighed. The acid-soluble and acid- insoluble suspended solids contents are calculat