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1、NEMA Standards Publication No. HV 2-1991 (R1996, R2002) Application Guide for Ceramic Suspension Insulators Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, VA 22209 O Copyright 2002 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All righ
2、ts including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by
3、IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of perso
4、ns engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and
5、guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA ad
6、ministers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and gui
7、deline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA discla
8、ims and makes no guaranty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the
9、 performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA i s not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to pe
10、rform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other
11、standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document.
12、 NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the cert
13、ifier or maker of the statement. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- - r : - NEMA HV
14、J2 84 M 64711247 11500930 8Tb STANDARDS PUBLICATION NO. HV 2 L NATIONAL ELECTRICAL M IANUFACT Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networ
15、king permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NEMA Standards Publication HV 2-1 984 (R1991, RI 996) Application Guide for Ceramic Suspension Insulators Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street Rosslyn, VA 22209 O Copyright 1999 by the National Electrical Man
16、ufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Copyright National Electrical Manufa
17、cturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NENA HV12 84 W 6470247 0500932 679 M TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD I SCOPE 11 . Se
18、ction 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIA.LS . 2 HANDLING 3 FIELD INSPECTION . 4 INSTALLATION 5 RATINGS 6 LOADING 7 SERVICE LIMITATIONS . 8 DAMAGED INSULATORS 9 Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IH
19、S under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NEMA HV*2 84 m 6470247 0500933 505 m Foreword This document is intended to provide guidelines for the proper use of in
20、sulators and to suggest precautions to be taken against improper usage that may not be readily apparent to the user. It is siressed, however, that these are only guidelines, and direct consultation between the user and the manufacturer is recommended. is edition of the document is a revision of NEMA
21、 Standards Publication HV 2-1984. e need for this guide was indicated by the knowledge of customers experiences which manufacturers of suspension insulators gained over many years. Y o u r comments m welcomed, and should be submitted to: i Vice President, Engineering Department National Electrical M
22、anufacmrs Association 2101 L Street, N.W., Suite UK) Washington, D . C . 237 Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted wi
23、thout license from IHS -,-,- NEMA HV*2 84 6470247 0500934 441 Scope This document is intended to guide users in the proper application of ceramic (porcelain and toughened glass) suspension insulators and to point out the means whereby the power lines on which suspension insulators are used can provi
24、de even higher levels of reliability than are being realized today. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lic
25、ense from IHS -,-,- HV 2-1984 (R1991) Page 1 APPLICATION GUIDE FOR CERAMIC SUSPENSION INSULATORS Section 1 INTRODUCTION inbulator of essentiallj, the same basic design as todays insulators have been providing reliable service for more than SO !car. There are many millions of insulators in use throug
26、hout the world, yet insulator failures are extremely rare. Stili more reliahilit is attainable by recognizing and compensating for the limitations pointed out in this guide. hlamfxturer5 make insulators which are capable of providing a high degree of reliability. However, since suspension in3ulstorb
27、 are both structural members and electrical apparatus, it is equally important that they be properly utilized. handled. tored. applied. installed. and maintained. It is hoped that the following discussion will be helpful t o the uscr (1) in undCrstanding the limitation of insulators, (2) in providin
28、g an additionai interpretation of American National Standard (3.2-1992, *-Wef-Process Porcelain and Toughened Glass-Suspenrion Type, and (3) in specifying the proper insulator for the requid service. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicen
29、see=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NENA HV*Z 84 b470247 0500936 Zit4 HV 2-1984 (R1991) Page 2 Section 2 MAT E R IA LS Suspenion inhulators consist of ceramic materiais and 2.2 ABRASIO
30、N nietal coriiponents assembled with cement. The ceramic material3 and cenient are hard and nonductile, and some metal caniponcnts are protected with a heavy zinc coar- ing. Hoaer.rr. danirige may occur due to chipping. abra- sion. or corroaion. 2.1 CHIPPING exposing the base metal to corrosion. Exc
31、essive abrasion, causing roughening of the sur- face, will reduce the ability of the insulator to shed pollutants. If abrasion exposes the base ceramic, a loss in the mechanical strength of the insulator may result. The zinc coating can be damaged by excessive abrasion. Slodern Insulators have high
32、impact strength, but the 2.3 CORROSION ceramic material can be broken unless care is exercised in handling. !hen an) visible section of the ceramic has been broken off. including chips. the user should discard the indator. Corrosive atmospheres may damage ceramic and metal, and it is advisable to di
33、scuss applications in such atmosphem with the manufacturer. Copier available from the AmMM N d d !?+undds kutimic, 11 Wut 42nd St., New Yis thi, i4 evidence of compressive, impact, or bending Ioids. which the insulator is not designed to 4.4 Suspension insulators which are suspected of hav- ing been
34、 exposed to harsh shipping, abusive handling, or service impacts should be tested prior to installation. The manufacturer should be contacted for recommended test procedures. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standa
35、rds 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NENA HV*2 84 6470247 0500939 T23 HV 2-1984 (R1991) Page 5 Section 5 INSTALLATION 5.1 COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING When insulators are coupled together. precautions should be take
36、n to assure that the coupling is properly done. Ball-and-socket connections are secured by a humped cotter key. In order to couple the ball with the socket, the cotter key should be pulled or pushed away from the socket opening until the spread tips of the key bear against the blick of the socket. W
37、hen the key is in this pmition. the ball on the insulator pin can be engaged i t h the socket of the next insulator cap. Then, the key should be pushed back tow,ard the socket opening, mak- ing certain that both legs of the key are under the ball of the engaged insulator. Care should be exercised to
38、 move the ke) ufticientlj, so that the hump of the key passes through thc cap wall. thus providing a positive locking. Uncoupling the joint requires a reversal of this procedure and should be done n.ith tools made for this purpose. In coupling cle,is-type insulators. the cotter keys should he proper
39、l). engaged. In the case of the humped- tjpe he). the hump should pass through the cotter bolt and be locked. In the case of the straight key, the open legs should be bent sufficiently to guard against the retreat of the key back through the hole in the cotter bolt, 5.2 COTTER KEYS AND BOLTS When nx
40、oupling insulators which have been in serv- ice, all damaged cotter keys should be replaced. Un- damaged humped-type keys are reusable, but straight keys are not. When cotter keys or bolts are replaced, a key or bolt supplied by the manufacturer of the particular insulator should be used since the k
41、eys and bolts of different manufacturers are not necessarily interchangeable. 5.3 BENDING OF INSULATOR STRINGS Suspension insulators a designed for tension loads only, and bending and cantilever loading of insulator strings must be avoided. Al1 insulators with bent metal components should be replace
42、d. Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with NEMALicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 09:33:32 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NEMA HV*Z 4 m b430247 0500940 745 HV 2-1984 (
43、R1991) Page 6 A U mechanical and electrical ratings of surpension insu- latorsarcassignedbytheinsulatormanufacturcr. Theyare not minimum values. Ihe demonstration that dic insulator meets its ratings is based upon statistid critaia as defined in American National Standards C29.1-1988, Tes2 Meth- odr
44、 for Electrical Power Insulators. and C29.2-1992, In- sulators-Wet-Process Porcelain and Toughened Ghs-Suspenrion Type, and as measured on new insula- m under certain specified testconditions. 6.1 FLASHOVER RATING Flashover ratings are the average expected flashover values under specified test condi
45、tions of clearance and mounting on new and clean insulators. Atmospheric con- ditions which prevail at the time of test are not con- trolled. and. while correction factors for humidity and air density are applied, these factors are not precise num- bers. It can be expected that different atmospheric
46、 condi- tions will yield different test results. As is the case for any average value, half of the values may be expected to fall below the average value. Section 6 RATINGS 6.2 LEAKAGE DISTANCE RATINGS I Rated leakage distances are nominal average values and may vary within the normal manufacturing
47、tolerance which. for most manufacturers, is 3 percent. 6.3 ULTIMATE MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL STRENGTH RATING (See 6.4) The combined mechanical and electrical sangth rat- m g t 4 w s p e n s i o n lefers b uhimatt smgthandnottoeaisionpodloed Stleukimate sucngth can be me3sm.d aily by desauctive ea w
48、hich suggests a sound engineering approach to future developmenl, which standard has been approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the Subdivision eligible to vote thereon. 3. Adoptive Standard, which is adopted in whole or in part f r o m the standards of another organization, either domestic. regional, or international. 2. Suggested Standard for Future Design, which may not have been regularly applied to a comme