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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2006 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
3、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fa
4、x: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS:http:/www.sae.org Plating, Gold For Thermal Control RATIONALE This document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-year Review policy. 1.SCOPE: 1.1Purpose: This specification covers the requirements for gold deposited on metal surfaces and
5、the properties of the deposit. 1.2Application: This process has been used typically for passive thermal control applications where a combination of low solar absorptance, low infrared emittance, and corrosion resistance is required, but usage is not limited to such applications. 2.APPLICABLE DOCUMEN
6、TS: The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has been can
7、celed and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS 2425E IssuedMAR 1966 RevisedMAR 2000 ReaffirmedSEP 2006 Superseding AMS 2425D (R) AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2425E - 2 - 2.1ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 1
8、00 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM B 117Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Testing Apparatus ASTM B 253Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electrodeposition ASTM B 487Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thicknesses by Microscopical Examination of a Cross Section ASTM B 499Measure
9、ment of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis Metals ASTM B 504Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method ASTM B 567Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Beta Backscatter Method ASTM B 583Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal S
10、ubstrates 2.2ANSI Publications: Available from ANSI, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. ANSI B46.1Surface Texture 3.TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: 3.1Preparation: 3.1.1Ferrous parts having a hardness higher than 40 HRC and which have been ground after heat treatment shall be cleaned to remove surface conta
11、mination and suitably stress relieved before preparation for plating. Temperatures to which parts are heated shall be such that maximum stress relief is obtained without reducing hardness of parts below drawing limits, but unless otherwise specified not less than 275 F (135 C) for not less than five
12、 hours for parts having hardness of 55 HRC or higher or not less than 375 F (191 C) for not less than four hours for other parts. 3.1.2Texture of surfaces to be plated, prior to cleaning, shall be not rougher than 32 microinches (0.8 m), determined in accordance with ANSI B46.1. Light abrasive blast
13、ing and polishing are permitted to improve surface finish to produce a high luster. 3.1.3Parts shall have clean surfaces free of waterbreak prior to immersion in the plating solution. 3.1.4Except for barrel plating electrical contact points shall be as follows: For parts which are to be plated all o
14、ver, locations shall be acceptable to purchaser; for parts which are not to be plated all over, locations shall be in areas on which plating is not required or is optional. AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2425E - 3 - 3.2Procedure: Parts shall be plated in the following sequence using suitable plating solutions. A z
15、incate immersion coating treatment in accordance with ASTM B 253 shall be applied to aluminum or aluminum alloys prior to plating. Copper Flash or Strike Nickel Plate Gold Plate 3.2.1Copper Flash or Copper Strike: A copper flash or copper strike shall be electrodeposited from a suitable copper plati
16、ng bath except as exempted in 3.2.1.1 and 3.2.1.2. 3.2.1.1A nickel flash or nickel strike shall replace the copper strike when the basis metal is corrosion- resistant steel. The nickel flash or nickel strike shall be electrodeposited from a suitable nickel plating solution. 3.2.1.2The copper strike
17、may be omitted when the substrate is copper or a copper alloy containing less than 15% zinc. 3.2.2Nickel Plate: The nickel plate shall be deposited directly onto the copper strike or flash or when specified as in 3.2.1.1, onto the nickel strike or flash. 3.2.3Gold Plate: Shall be electrodeposited fr
18、om a suitable gold plating solution directly onto the nickel surface. 3.2.4Rinsing: The plated part shall be removed from the plating solution and shall be thoroughly rinsed by immersion for not less than 15 minutes in water at not lower than 180 F (82 C) and dried. 3.2.4.1Plated springs may be remo
19、ved from the plating racks after rinsing provided they are not flexed prior to embrittlement relief. 3.3Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief: After plating, rinsing, and drying and within four hours after removal from plating bath ferrous parts shall be treated as follows. 3.3.1Parts having hardness of 33
20、HRC or higher shall be heated to 375 F 25 (191 C 14) and held at heat for not less than three hours. 3.3.2Parts which will decrease in hardness or be otherwise deleteriously affected by heating to 375 F 25 (191 C 14) shall be heated to 275 F 25 (135 C 14) and held at heat for not less than five hour
21、s. 3.3.3Polishing of plated metals is permitted to improve surface finish and luster. -,-,- AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2425E - 4 - 3.4Properties: Plated metals shall conform to the following requirements: 3.4.1Composition: The gold, as plated, shall be not less than 98.0% pure, determined by a method acceptabl
22、e to purchaser. 3.4.2Thickness: Plating thicknesses shall be as follows, determined in accordance with ASTM B 487, ASTM B 499, ASTM B 504, ASTM B 567, or other method acceptable to purchaser. 3.4.2.1Copper Flash or Copper Strike: Shall be not less than 0.0001 inch (2.5 m). 3.4.2.2Nickel Plate: Shall
23、 be 0.0004 to 0.0009 inch (10.0 to 23 m). 3.4.2.3Gold Plate: Shall be not less than 0.00008 inch (2.0 m) on all surfaces on which gold is functionally necessary. 3.4.2.4No requirements are established for minimum plate thickness on surfaces of holes, recesses, internal threads, contact areas of part
24、 plated all over, and other areas where a controlled deposit cannot be obtained under normal plating conditions but such areas shall not be masked to prevent plating. The resultant thickness shall be considered only when such surfaces can be touched by a sphere 0.75 inch (19 mm) in diameter. 3.4.3Ad
25、hesion: The gold deposit shall meet one of the following tests; the test in 3.4.3.1 shall be used where practicable. 3.4.3.1The part, or representative test panels, shall be bent through an angle of 100 degrees around a 0.500-inch 0.005 (12.7-mm 0.12) diameter mandrel. It shall not be possible to de
26、tach any appreciable areas of deposited gold from the basis metal with a sharp instrument although fracture of the nickel plate or the basis metal is acceptable. 3.4.3.2If the part is not readily adaptable to the test in 3.7.3.1, adhesion may be evaluated by heating the part to 350 F 10 (177 C 6) an
27、d holding at that temperature for not less than one hour. Following heating, no evidence of blistering of the plating shall be visible at 4X magnification. 3.4.4Corrosion Resistance: Parts or representative test panels shall show no corrosion products to the unaided eye (corrected to 20/20 vision) a
28、t normal reading distance or any corroded areas greater than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) in diameter after being subjected for 48 hours 1 to continuous salt spray corrosion test conducted in accordance with ASTM B 117. 3.4.4.1The porosity test of ASTM B 583 may be used in lieu of the salt spray corrosion tes
29、t, when permitted by purchaser. 3.4.5Spectral Absorptance and Emittance: The normal spectral solar absorptance integrated over a wave length range 0.3 to 2.7 m shall be 0.26 0.04. The normal spectral emittance integrated over a wave length range of 2.0 to 27.0 m shall be 0.04 0.02. AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2
30、425E - 5 - 3.4.5.1The integrated normal spectral solar absorptance and integrated normal spectral emittance shall be determined using equation 1: (Eq. 1) where and are the integrated normal spectral solar absorptance and the integrated normal spectral emittance respectively, R is the normal spectral
31、 reflectance, is the wave length, and for , a = 0.3 m, b = 2.7 m, and S = Solar Spectrum and, for , a = 2.0 m, b = 27.0 m, and S = Black body spectrum (for temperature of interest), and R is measured in an integrating- sphere reflectometer, preferably against a standard gold surface reference. 3.4.5
32、.2Total reflectance (specular and diffuse) shall be equal to or greater than 95% when measured at a wave length of 0.7 m by an integrating-sphere reflectometer. 3.5Quality: Deposits of gold plate shall be smooth, fine grained, continuous, adherent to basis metal, and of a color normally associated w
33、ith high quality 24-carat gold, and shall be free from blisters, pits, nodules, indications of burning, and other imperfections detrimental to performance of the gold plate. Slight discoloration does not deleteriously affect the thermal properties or corrosion resistance of the gold plate. There sha
34、ll be no evidence of double plating and spotting-in after plating. 4.QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS: 4.1Responsibility for Inspection: The processor of plated parts shall supply all samples for processors tests and shall be responsible for the performance of all required tests, where parts are to be t
35、ested, the parts shall be supplied by the purchaser. Purchaser reserves the right to sample and to perform any confirmatory testing deemed necessary to ensure that the processing conforms to the requirements of this specification. 4.2Classification of Tests: 4.2.1Acceptance Tests: Thickness (3.4.2),
36、 adhesion (3.4.3), reflectance (3.4.5.2), and quality (3.5) are acceptance tests and shall be performed on each lot as applicable. 4.2.2Periodic Tests: Composition (3.4.1), corrosion resistance (3.4.4), spectral absorption and emittance, when specified by purchaser (3.4.5) and tests of cleaning and
37、plating solutions to ensure that deposits will conform to specified requirements (See 8.5) are periodic tests and shall be performed at a frequency selected by the processor unless frequency of testing is specified by purchaser. ,1 RS d a b S d a b -= -,-,- AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2425E - 6 - 4.2.3Preproduc
38、tion Tests: All technical requirements of this specification are preproduction tests and shall be performed prior to or on the initial shipment of plated parts to a purchaser, when a change in material, processing, or both requires reapproval as in 4.4.2, and when purchaser deems confirmatory testin
39、g to be required. 4.3Sampling and Testing: Shall be not less than the following; a lot shall be all parts of the same part number, plated to the same plate thickness range in the same set of solutions, in each consecutive 24 hours of operation and presented for processors inspection at one time. 4.3
40、.1Sample Configuration: Nondestructive testing shall be performed wherever practical and authorized herein. Except as noted actual parts shall be selected as samples for test. 4.3.1.1Thickness and Adhesion Test: Separate test panels of the same generic class of alloy as the parts distributed through
41、out the lot, cleaned, plated and post treated with the parts represented shall be used when plated parts are of such configuration or size as to be not readily adaptable to the specified tests or when nondestructive testing is not practical on actual parts, or it is not economically acceptable to pe
42、rform destructive testing on actual parts. 4.3.1.2Corrosion Tests: Panels shall be low carbon steel approximately 0.032 x 4 x 6 inches (0.8 x 102 x 152 mm) or bars approximately 0.5 inches (13 mm) in diameter and 4 inches (102 mm) long, having surface roughness not exceeding 32 microinches (0.8 m).
43、4.3.2Acceptance Tests: Test samples shall be selected randomly from all parts in the lot. Unless purchaser supplies a sampling plan, the minimum number of samples shall be as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 - Sampling for Acceptance Testing Number of Parts in LotQuality Thickness and AdhesionReflectance 1
44、 to 6all 31 7 to 15 7 42 16 to 4010 42 41 to 11015 53 111 to 30025 64 301 to 50035 75 501 to 70050 86 701 to 120075107 -,-,- AMS 2425ESAEAMS 2425E - 7 - 4.3.3Periodic Tests: Sample quantity and frequency of testing shall be selected at the discretion of the processor unless otherwise specified by th
45、e purchaser. 4.4Approval: 4.4.1The process and control factors, a preproduction sample, or both, whichever is specified, shall be approved by the cognizant engineering organization before production plated parts are supplied. 4.4.2The processor of plated parts shall make no significant change in bat
46、h type, plating conditions, or control factors from those on which the approval was based, unless the change is approved by the cognizant engineering organization. A significant change is one which, in the judgment of the cognizant engineering organization, could affect the properties or performance
47、 of the plated parts. 4.4.2.1Control factors include, but are not limited to the following: Surface preparation Bath type and composition limits Temperature limits and control of processing solutions Method of thickness determination Method of determining composition of gold deposit Method of adhesi
48、on determination Periodic test plan 4.5Reports: The processor of plated parts shall furnish with each shipment a report stating that the parts have been processed and tested in accordance with the specified requirements and that they conform to the acceptance test requirements. This report shall inc
49、lude the purchase order number, lot number, AMS 2425E, part number, and quantity. 4.6Resampling and Retesting: 4.6.1If the results of any acceptance test fail to meet specified test requirements, the parts in the lot may be stripped by a method acceptable to purchaser that does not roughen, pit, or chemically embrittle the basis metal, pret