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1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org ARP1330 REV. C AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 1974-03 Reaffirmed 2006-04 Revised 2007-02 Superseding ARP1330B Welding of Structures for Ground Support Equipment RATIONALE This document revision was issued as p
5、art of the SAE Five Year Review process. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This recommended practice provides general recommendations for welding structural assemblies for aerospace ground support equipment. 1.2 The recommendations are based on practical engineering experience and reflect design practices and fabricatin
6、g procedures that have been found to be effective in providing good strength and structural rigidity. 1.3 Safety-Hazardous Materials While the materials, methods, applications and processes described or referenced in this procedure may involve the use of hazardous materials, this document does not a
7、ddress the hazards which may be involved in such use. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and to take necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENT
8、S The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of this document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has been c
9、ancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. 2.1 AWS Publications Available from American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, Tel: 1-800-443-9353, www.aws.org. D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel D17.1 Specificati
10、on for Fusion Welding for Aerospace Applications -,-,- SAE ARP1330 Revision C - 2 - 3. TYPES OF WELDING Most welding of ground support equipment is performed with gas-tungsten-arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal-arc welding (GMAW), and shielded-metal-arc welding (SMAW). In addition to these three, oxyacet
11、ylene welding (OAW) and oxyhydrogen welding (OHW) have limited applications for welding thin steel and thin aluminum, respectively. 3.1 Gas-tungsten-arc welding (GTAW) is probably the most versatile welding process because it can be used for welding all the materials in Table 1. GTAW is normally use
12、d for welding thin material, but can be used for welding thick material when heavy duty equipment is available. However, it requires more welding time than GMAW or SMAW when welding thick material. 3.2 Gas-metal-arc welding (GMAW) is more limited in use than GTAW because it is normally used for weld
13、ing carbon steel, aluminum alloys, and sometimes low-alloy steel but is not commonly used for welding corrosion-resistant steel. GMAW is normally used for welding thick material, but can be used on thin material by a skilled welder. 3.3 Shielded-metal-arc welding (SMAW) is similar in application to
14、GMAW with the exception that corrosion-resistant steels can be welded but aluminum alloys are not normally welded with this process. SMAW is also used for welding thick material although skilled welders can weld thin material. 4. FILLER METALS The welding process, basis metal, strength requirements
15、and, in some cases, color match, will dictate which filler wire is to be used. The filler materials listed in Table 1 represent an optimization of these factors. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Base Materials and Condition 5.1.1 Ground support structures that are to be assembled by welding should specify mat
16、erials that can be readily welded and require a minimum of preheat or postweld stress-relief. Materials that meet these criteria are listed in Table 1. Materials within a given category can be welded in any combination. 5.1.2 Materials should be welded in the annealed or normalized condition. Heat t
17、reatment of 4130 low-alloy steel and of 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloys after welding is recommended if maximum properties in the base material and the weld are desired. Welding of heat-treatable material to non-heat-treatable material will result in only the heat-treatable material being capable of r
18、esponding to postweld heat treatment. Aluminum alloys and corrosion-resistant steels can be welded in the heat treated or strain hardened condition but the base material properties will be reduced in the area of the weld. Welding of 4130 steel in the heat treated condition is not recommended. 5.2 De
19、sign Considerations 5.2.1 Double-fillet welds are preferred over single-fillet welds because they tend to neutralize the effects of the built-in crack. The effects of such cracks can also be eliminated by using a groove weld, with a prepared joint if necessary, to give full penetration in combinatio
20、n with either a single-fillet or double-fillet weld. Joints should be designed for complete welding, i.e., full penetration, where the assembly is to be heat treated after welding. Intersecting joints should be kept to a minimum because they create problems in joint preparation and assembly and ofte
21、n cause distortion. Intermittent welds should also be kept to a minimum as they do not afford a continuous load path between the two joined members. Joint configurations are described in AWS D1.1. 5.2.2 Material thickness dictates both the joint configuration and the welding process. Thin materials
22、require processes that afford low heat and normally no special edge preparation. Thick materials require processes that produce high heat and may require prepared grooves. SAE ARP1330 Revision C - 3 - 5.2.3 Weld joint accessibility must be considered when designing the assembly. Accessibility requir
23、ements vary greatly with the welding process to be used. The maximum practicable clearance should be provided around each joint. 5.2.4 Inspection test requirements must be considered when the joint configuration is being determined. Designs should be such that a minimum of nondestructive testing (ND
24、T) is required. Conservative designs and proof testing will, in most cases, eliminate the need for costly and time-consuming nondestructive testing. Visual inspection should be made of each weld, but where additional nondestructive test methods are required, they should be specified on the drawing.
25、Specific welds may require more inspection than others and these requirements should be indicated on the drawing. The type, direction, and load for proof testing should be indicated on the drawing when used in lieu of, or as a supplement to, NDT methods. Penetrant and magnetic particle inspection me
26、thods can be used on most joint configurations. Radiographic inspection should be used only on critical weldments and only when straight-through, single-wall radiography can be employed. Use of radiographic inspection on “T“ type joints is not recommended as results are often misleading and may lead
27、 to unnecessary rework. 5.3 Process Recommendations Joint preparation information can be found in AWS D1.1. 5.3.1 Cleaning Welds in ground support equipment do not normally require cleaning. Detail parts and weld joints should, however, be free of oil, grease, and scale prior to welding to ensure a
28、quality weld. Post-weld cleaning is required only on welds made by the SMAW process and consists of removing the solidified weld slag. 5.3.2 Edge Preparation Weld joint configuration will dictate assembly and edge preparation requirements and will influence inspection and test requirements. Joints d
29、esigned for fillet welding require a minimum of special edge preparation. Butt joint square groove welds in thin material require no edge preparation. Full penetration groove welds offer optimum joint strength with a minimum of stress raisers. Prepared groove joints may be required where joint stren
30、gth cannot be attained because the material thickness is such that the desired joint penetration cannot be achieved without a prepared groove. Special edge preparation, which is costly, time consuming, and in some cases extremely difficult, is required for groove welds, except square groove. Double
31、grooves are more difficult to prepare than single grooves but help reduce weld distortion when welding thick material. 5.4 Post-Weld Thermal Treatment It is desirable to stress-relieve carbon and low-alloy steel parts, particularly when the part will be extensively machined after welding. Stress-rel
32、ief can be omitted on parts that will be subsequently heat treated. Aluminum alloys and corrosion-resistant steels do not require stress relief after welding. Low-alloy steels and 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloys can be heat treated to higher strength after welding. -,-,- SAE ARP1330 Revision C - 4 - 5
33、.5 Control Factors It is desirable to prepare written welding procedures that guide the fabricator and give better assurance of a satisfactory product. These procedures should include, but need not be limited to, the following: Base materials for each member, including specifications Filler metal fo
34、r each joint, including specification Joint preparation Precleaning procedures Welding method for each joint Inspection methods and procedures Quality requirements Postweld stress-relief (temperature and time) Postweld cleaning procedures 6. QUALITY 6.1 Welder Qualification Prior to production weldi
35、ng, the welder should be required to prove welding proficiency by welding test samples in accordance with AWS D17.1. The test samples should include a groove joint (sheet-to-sheet or plate-to-plate), a “T“ type joint (fillet welds), an intersecting tube and plate with gusset reinforcement, and a joi
36、nt representative of the most frequently welded production joint if it does not fit into one of the previous categories. These test samples should be tested nondestructively, then sectioned and examined for root penetration, lack of fusion, excessive porosity or inclusions, undercutting, and cracks.
37、 Test samples should be welded for each category of base material and each type of filler metal (Table 1) that will be welded in production. The proficiency test should be repeated every five years or after a welder has not welded for three months. 6.2 Weld Inspection 6.2.1 All welds in each assembl
38、y should be visually inspected. The additional nondestructive test methods specified on the drawing should be performed after the visual inspection. Visual inspection should first be made prior to welding to ensure proper joint preparation and fit up. After welding, visual inspection should be made
39、to ensure that the weld is free of cracks, laps, undercuts, and excessive build up and suck-back. Visual inspection will also verify full penetration of single groove welds (when required), smooth fairing of weld filler metal into the base metal, and good workmanship of all welding. 6.2.2 Nondestruc
40、tive Testing 6.2.2.1 Penetrant inspection is used to detect surface cracks and porosity in welds of nonmagnetic and slightly magnetic materials. It may also be used as a supplement to magnetic particle inspection of magnetic materials. 6.2.2.2 Magnetic particle inspection is used to detect surface a
41、nd some subsurface tears, cracks, inclusions, and foreign impurities in welds of magnetic materials. 6.2.2.3 Radiographic inspection is used to detect subsurface cracks, porosity, and foreign materials. Incomplete fusion and inadequate joint penetration can sometimes be detected in groove welds usin
42、g special techniques. Radiographic inspection should be performed after penetrant or magnetic particle inspection. 6.2.3 Proof testing is an established way of verifying the quality of both design and welding. Proof testing also provides assurance that unsafe assemblies do not enter service. -,-,- S
43、AE ARP1330 Revision C - 5 - TABLE 1 - RECOMMENDED BASE AND FILLER MATERIALS Filler Material Category Base Material Electrodes Bare Wire Carbon Carbon Steel, E60XX or 70XX E 60S-X Steels 0.30 C max E 70S-X RG 65 Low Alloy 4130 not to E70XX ER 502 Steels be heat treated E10016-D2 4130 after welding 41
44、30 to be HT 4130 ER 502 heat treated 4130 after welding Corrosion- 304L E308L 347 Resistant 308L Steels 321, 347 E347 347 Aluminum 1100, 3003 - ER 1100 Alloys 5052, 5454 - ER 5554, ER 5356 or ER 5654 5083, 5086, 5456 - ER 5183, ER 5556 or ER 5356 6061, 6063 - ER 4043 or ER 5356 PREPARED BY AMS COMMITTEE “B“ -,-,-