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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2003 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
3、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fa
4、x: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS:http:/www.sae.org AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP5364 Issued2003-03 Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Multifunction Display Systems for Civil Aircraft FOREWORD This Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP) document contains information
5、 developed by the SAE G-10 Multifunction Display (MFD) Subcommittee that is intended to be used for guidance in the design of multifunction display systems to be installed in a civil aircraft flight deck. Modern technology has made it possible to install electronic flight instruments, either head-do
6、wn or head-up, that are capable of providing flight information previously displayed on electro-mechanical instruments. In addition, systems can be designed to provide a flight crew selectable display of information from several systems on the same unit, either individually, or in combinations of tw
7、o or more sets of information. The integration of new systems, such as traffic information, navigation, terrain guidance, geographical mapping functions, data link and weather, among others, into the flight deck, where space is at a premium, has created the need to integrate these functions into mul
8、tifunction flight deck display systems. The additional information provided by the new systems is extremely valuable in improving flight crew situational awareness (to include single pilot operation), communications, and efficiency, and overall safety of modern flight. However, there is a danger of
9、overloading flight crews and not gaining full benefit from the systems. To avoid this, it is important that guidelines and standards for the design and integration of MFDs be developed, particularly in areas related to human performance and limitations, perception, ergonomics, cognitive abilities, a
10、utomation and information processing. These data should be applied in conjunction with a complete task analysis to ensure that system performance requirements are well defined prior to the actual integration and implementation of the functioning MFD system. The overall goal is to minimize flight cre
11、w task loading and enhance human performance consistent with the overall required performance and safety goals of the aircraft system. SAE ARP5364 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.SCOPE .5 1.1Purpose.5 2.REFERENCES .6 2.1SAE Publications.6 2.2U.S. Government Publications7 2.3Other Publications.8 2.4Definit
12、ions .8 2.5Abbreviations and Acronyms 8 3.SYSTEMS FUNCTION.11 3.1Primary Flight Information.11 3.2Primary Flight Display.11 3.3Primary Engine Information.12 3.4Secondary Engine Information12 3.5Visual Crew Alerting System (CAS) Information.12 3.6Navigation Information13 3.7Weather Information13 3.7.
13、1Weather Radar14 3.7.2Icing Information and Alerts 14 3.7.3Lightning Information and Alerts .14 3.7.4Windshear Information and Alerts.14 3.7.5Wake Vortex/Clear Air Turbulence Information and Alerts14 3.8Terrain and Obstacles.14 3.9Airport Mapping.15 3.10Traffic Information .15 3.11Aircraft Systems F
14、unctions .15 3.11.1System Status Information16 3.11.2System Synoptic Displays.16 3.11.3Aircraft Configuration 16 3.11.4Self-Diagnostics16 3.12Data Link Functions 17 3.12.1Controller to Pilot Data Link Communications.17 3.12.2Aeronautical Operational Control Data Link18 3.13The Radio Management Syste
15、m Function18 3.14Electronic Data Management System.19 3.15Electronic Checklist.20 3.16Imaging Systems.20 SAE ARP5364 - 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 4.DESIGN OBJECTIVES.21 4.1Crew Interface.21 4.1.1Consistency of Design 21 4.1.2Simplicity.21 4.1.3Intuitiveness22 4.1.4Readability 22 4.1.5Accessib
16、ility.22 4.2Information Characteristics .22 4.2.1System Response and Information Accuracy.22 4.2.2Conflicting Information 23 4.3Reliability.23 4.3.1Maintain Situational Awareness23 4.3.2Error and Fault Detection and Verification 23 4.3.3False Alarms.23 4.3.4Failure Effects on Other Systems .23 4.4Mo
17、de and Data Source Awareness 23 4.5Display Design Considerations.24 4.5.1Coding.24 4.5.2Symbology 24 4.5.3Color24 4.5.4Discrimination25 4.5.5Glare and Reflections25 4.5.6Ghost Images25 4.5.7Display Drift.25 4.5.8Display Flicker and Jitter.25 4.5.9Parallax Errors 26 5.IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION.2
18、6 5.1User Input Controls.26 5.1.1Direct Control26 5.1.2Indirect Control27 5.2Layering 27 5.3Clutter Control.28 5.4Automatic Switching and Pop-Ups28 5.5Visual Crew Alerting and Display Prioritization .29 5.6Sensor and Information Fusion.29 5.7Windowing and Data Block.30 5.8Reconfiguration Modes.30 5.
19、9Synoptic, System Displays and Maintenance Pages31 5.10Data Link.31 5.11Menu Structures and Architecture.31 5.12Default Settings.32 5.12.1Power-Up32 SAE ARP5364 - 4 - TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 5.12.2Multiple Pages.32 5.12.3Sub-Function Status32 5.12.4Default Parameter Insertion32 5.12.5Blank Par
20、ameter Boxes 32 5.12.6Cursor Positioning.33 5.13Overlays33 5.14Self-Test33 5.15Data Storage and Retrieval.33 5.15.1Data Storage.33 5.15.2Data Retrieval .33 5.16Retrofit Integration.34 6.TRAINING.34 7.GLOSSARY35 APPENDIX A RELATED LITERATURE.39 APPENDIX B EXAMPLES OF EXISTING DISPLAY COMBINATIONS OF
21、MFD FUNCTIONS51 SAE ARP5364 - 5 - 1.SCOPE: The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight i
22、nformation (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems. The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible
23、 formats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one
24、 set of data may simply replace another. The information contained in this document can be applied to the design of all MFDs, including electronic flight bags (EFB), regardless of aircraft type. This document makes extensive use of “lessons learned” and information developed and currently in use by
25、systems and airframe manufacturers through the evolutionary development of todays advanced systems. Some assumptions used in developing this document include: MFDs will incorporate a human-centered design using knowledge gained from previous work and research. This document is intended to apply to n
26、ew systems or modifications to existing systems. Each function of a MFD is capable of providing accurate and timely information appropriate to the tasks of the flight crew for certain aircraft operations throughout all phases of flight. MFD systems will be based on the aeronautical English language,
27、 but other languages may have to be considered. MFD systems will meet international harmonized certification requirements. Use of the information in this document is subject to the certification requirements for a given airplane. The design process should include operator training considerations thr
28、oughout its development. PFI will be available on the flight deck at all times. 1.1Purpose: This document is meant to serve as guidance material manufacturers, operators and certifying officials on the human-factors considerations that should be included in a MFD design and implementation. The use o
29、f multifunction displays is growing rapidly throughout the aviation industry and, as with most new technologies and systems, the functional design often outpaces the integration of proper human-factors considerations. Baseline guidance is needed to achieve maximum benefit from the technology, and to
30、 allow continued growth in usage and functionality. Just because a particular application is not discussed does not preclude the use of MFDs for addition applications as technology and needs evolve. -,-,- SAE ARP5364 - 6 - 1.1 (Continued): The scope of this document and various reference materials a
31、re provided in Section 1 and Section 2. Section 3 describes the functionality that could be incorporated in MFD systems. Section 4 discusses the design objectives that should be considered in MFD design, regardless of application. Section 5 addresses implementation and integration and Section 6 disc
32、usses training. Appendices have been added to provide supporting information for the sections. Appendix A provides a matrix representation of possible combinations of displayed data. A bibliography of literature relevant to this document is presented in Appendix B. 2.REFERENCES: The following public
33、ations form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of Society of Aerospace Engineers (SAE) publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text
34、of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096
35、-0001. Only latest version of the documents will appear in the reference list. AS425CNomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck. ARP571CFlight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft ARP1068BFlight Deck Instrumentation, Display Crit
36、eria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraft ARP1093Numeral, Letter it is in the process of being replaced by a broader scope supplement “Electronic Data Management System (EDMS)”) ARP4105BAbbreviations and Acronyms for Use on the Flight Deck ARP4107Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors Engine
37、ers ARP4155AHuman Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display Symbology ARP4256Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25(Transport) Aircraft ARP4791AHuman Engineering Recommendations for Data Link Systems ARP5108Human Factors Criteria Design for Terrain Separation Assurance D
38、isplay technology ARP5287Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head-Up Display (HUD) ARP5288Transport Category Airplane Head-Up Display (HUD) Systems ARP5289Electronic Symbols for Charting ARP5365Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information AS8034Minimum Performance Stan
39、dards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays AS8055Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head-Up Display (HUD) ARP50017Aeronautical Charting ARP50062 Human Factors Issues Associated with Terrain Separation Assurance Display Technology 2.2U.S. Government Publications: Available from Federa
40、l Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence Ave, SW, Washington, DC 20591. AC 20-EMP/Airworthiness Approval of Aeronautical Telecommunications Network Compatible Airborne Data Link Systems AC 20-DCGuidelines for Design Approval of Aircraft Data Communication Systems AC 23.18Installation of Ter
41、rain Warning System AC 23.1309-1CEquipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplanes AC 23.1311-1AInstallation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems in Part 23 Airplanes AC 25-11Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems AC 25-23Airworthiness Criteria for the Installation Appro
42、val of a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) for Part 25 Airplanes AC 25.1309-1ASystem Design Analysis DOT/FAAThe Interfaces between Flight Crews and Modern Flight Deck Systems. Human Factors Team (1996), Washington, DC DOT/FAA/PS-89/1Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et al
43、1989) FAA-RD-81-3811Aircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II. Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et al 1981) FAR Part 23Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes FAR Part 25Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airpla
44、nes FAR Part 27Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft FAR Part 29Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft JAR Part 25Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes SAE ARP5364 - 8 - 2.2 (Continued): TSO-C92cAirborne Ground Proximity Warning Equipment TSO-C113Airborn
45、e Multipurpose Electronic Displays 2.3Other Publications: ARINC 649Electronic Library Systems CS Report 9213Guidelines For The Use of Color On Air Traffic Control Displays ICAO, Annex 4Aeronautical Charts ICAO, Annex 14Aerodrome Design and Operations ICAO, Annex 15Aeronautical Information Services,
46、10th Edition, Incorporating Amendments 1- 29, July 1997 RTCA /DO-239Minimal Operational Performance Standards for Traffic Information Service (TIS/TIS-B) Data Link Communication, WG3, April 1997 RTCA/DO-257MOPs for the Depiction of Navigation Information on Electronic Maps RTCA/DO-243Cockpit Display
47、 of Traffic Information (CDTI) RTCA/DO-200Preparation, Verification and Distribution of User-Selectable Navigation Databases RTCA/DO-200AStandards for Processing Aeronautical Data RTCA/DO-201User Recommendations for Aeronautical Information Services GAMMA Publication 10 2.4Definitions: Definitions o
48、f words used in this document shall be as noted in the Glossary of Terms. The word “shall” is used to express an essential (mandatory) requirement, such as emergency or critical situations. Compliance requires that there be no deviation. The word “should” is used to express a recommendation. Deviati
49、on from the specified recommendation may require justification. 2.5Abbreviations and Acronyms: ACAdvisory Circular ACARSAircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System ACASAirborne Collision Avoidance System ADCAir Data Computer ADFAutomatic Directional Finder ADSAutomatic Dependent Surveillance ADS-BAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast AGLAbove Ground Level AIPAviation Information Publications AOCDLAeronautical Operational Control Data Link APUAuxiliary Power Unit ARINCAeronautical Ra