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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
3、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fa
4、x: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS:http:/www.sae.org SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J1451 REAF. AUG2007 Issued1985-02 Reaffirmed2007-08 Superseding J1451 JAN2000 A Dictionary of Terms for the Dynamics and Handling of Single Track Vehicles (Motorcycles, Mopeds, and Bicy
5、cles) 1.ScopeThis dictionary of terms was prepared for use by those with a need to describe and understand the dynamics and handling of two-wheeled, single track vehicles. It is intended to span the gap between vehicle dynamics specialists and those with a more general interest. This report is perti
6、nent to such areas as vehicle design and development, the description of two-wheeler properties, rider training and education, and the preparation of standards and regulations. This report was prepared by the SAE Motorcycle Committee, which solicits suggestions for improvements and additions to be c
7、onsidered in future revisions. Comments should be directed to SAE Headquarters. 1.1RationaleThis document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-Year Review policy. 2.References 2.1Applicable PublicationThe following publication forms a part of the specification to the extent specified herein.
8、 Unless otherwise indicated the lastest revision of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J670eVehicle Dynamics Terminology 3.D
9、efinitions 3.1AccelerationThe time rate of change of velocity. 3.2Aerodynamic Drag ForceA force opposite to the direction of travel due to aerodynamic resistance, measured in the nominal plane of symmetry of the vehicle. For some engineering purposes, it can be defined, alternatively, parallel to th
10、e relative wind vector. 3.3Aligning Moment (on tire)Torque from the roadway, acting on a tire, which tends to keep the wheel plane parallel to the vehicle velocity vector (at the tire contact point). See also SAE J670e. 3.4Angular VelocityRotational velocity about an axis. Copyright SAE Internationa
11、l Provided by IHS under license with SAELicensee=Defense Supply Ctr/5913977001 Not for Resale, 12/04/2007 19:20:31 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- SAE J1451 Reaffirmed AUG2007 -2- 3.5Antilock Brake SystemA braking system that automatically controls the slip
12、ratio of one or more wheels of the vehicle during braking. 3.6Antiskid Brake SystemSee antilock brake system. 3.7Axis SystemA coordinate system fixed in the vehicle, a component body, or the roadway, for purposes of defining positions and motions. 3.8AxleThe shaft which comprises the spin axis of a
13、wheel. 3.9Bank AngleSee roll angle. 3.10 Bounce MotionTranslational motion of the vehicle in a direction parallel to its nominal plane of symmetry (i.e., relative to body fixed axes). Vertical translation if the vehicle is upright. See also SAE J670e. 3.11 Brake FadeReduction in the braking torque o
14、n a wheel for a given level of rider brake control force; caused by thermal or water factors, for example. 3.12 BrakingThe process of decelerating the vehicle by applying the brakes. 3.13 Camber AngleThe roll or tilt angle of the plane of a wheel, measured relative to vertical. See also SAE J670e. 3
15、.14 Camber ThrustThe side force generated by a tire due to camber angle. 3.15 CapsizeTendency of the vehicle to roll from an upright position. 3.16 Capsize ModeA usually low frequency dynamic characteristic of the vehicle which exists in the absence of rider control. If stable, the vehicle will grad
16、ually return to an upright position; and if unstable, the vehicle will gradually roll and turn from its original direction of travel. 3.17 Caster AngleSee rake angle. 3.18 Center of GravityIf the vehicle is supported at this point, it will not rotate due to the force of gravity. See mass center. 3.1
17、9 ChopperA motorcycle style and design, usually the result of aftermarket modification, which typically features lengthened forks, increased rake angle, modified suspension, small front tire and large rear tire, and a lowered rider seating position. The brakes and drive train may be modified also. 3
18、.20 ComplianceStructural deflection, bending, or rotation. 3.21 Cornering LimitThe maximum vehicle lateral acceleration at a given speed; usually determined by road clearance of the vehicle structure (foot pegs, muffler, etc.) or by tire/roadway adhesion. 3.22 Cornering StiffnessThe amount of side f
19、orce generated by a tire per unit slip angle. Quantified as a tire side force coefficient. See also SAE J670e. 3.23 Cornering WeaveA combined pitching and yawing motion which can occur in a steady-state turn, under certain adverse conditions. See also pitch-weave coupling. 3.24 Counter SteerThe proc
20、ess whereby the rider applies a steer torque in the direction opposite to that which the vehicle is turning, or is intended to turn. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAELicensee=Defense Supply Ctr/5913977001 Not for Resale, 12/04/2007 19:20:31 MSTNo reproduction or netw
21、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- SAE J1451 Reaffirmed AUG2007 -3- 3.25 Coupled MotionsCoupling occurs when different motions (i.e., about different axes) have similar frequencies, and their oscillatory behavior has a definite phase relation. 3.26 Course AngleSee path angle. 3.27 Dampe
22、rA device which produces a reactive force or torque as a function of translational or rotational velocity, respectively. See shock absorber. See also friction damper. 3.28 Damper RateThe amount of force or torque produced by a damper as a function of velocity. 3.29 DampingThe process of diminishing
23、amplitude progressively. 3.30 Damping RatioA measure of the amount of damping for oscillatory systems. See also SAE J670e. 3.31 Degree-of-FreedomA characteristic motion of the vehicle, or a relative motion between component bodies. Measured about or along an axis. One or more degrees-of-freedom are
24、associated with each mode of motion. See also SAE J670e. 3.32 DestabilizeTo reduce the stability or damping, e.g., of a characteristic motion or dynamic mode. 3.33 DivergenceA motion with progressively increasing amplitude, an instability. 3.34 Down TubesThe lower frame members; typically extending
25、from the head, down and under the motor and back to the swing arm pivot. 3.35 Drive TrainThe mechanism between the motor and a driven wheel. 3.36 DrivingThe process of accelerating the vehicle or maintaining forward velocity. 3.37 DynamicsThe branch of mechanics which treats the motion of bodies (ki
26、nematics) and the action of forces which produce or change the motion (kinetics). 3.38 EigenvalueA numerical value, derived from mathematical modeling and equations of motion, which describes the frequency, amplitude, and damping properties of a mode of motion. 3.39 End-OverAn extreme forward pitchi
27、ng motion; typically resulting in the rider and the rear frame assembly going over the front wheel in the direction of travel. Also called an endo or a reverse wheelie. 3.40 EnduroA motorcycle sporting event or race run off-road and cross country from one point to another, usually lasting hours or d
28、ays, and emphasizing timing, speed, and reliability. Also a motorcycle intended to compete in such an event. 3.41 Equations of MotionA set of mathematical relationships which describe and quantify the dynamics of the vehicle. 3.42 EquilibriumA state of balance among the forces acting on the vehicle,
29、 wherein the resulting motions have achieved steady-state values. 3.43 FadeSee brake fade. 3.44 FairingA windscreen device on the front of the vehicle attached to either the fork assembly or rear frame assembly. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAELicensee=Defense Suppl
30、y Ctr/5913977001 Not for Resale, 12/04/2007 19:20:31 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- SAE J1451 Reaffirmed AUG2007 -4- 3.45 Feedback ControlThe process of comparing output motions with desired (input) motions in order to regulate against disturbances and foll
31、ow a prescribed path. The rider accomplishes this by making control actions in response to perceived cues, thereby establishing feedback loops. See also rider control. 3.46 ForkThe mechanism between the steering head and the front wheel axle; including the triple clamps, fork slider tubes, and shock
32、 absorbers. The fairing, lights, fender, front wheel, handlebars, etc., are excluded. 3.47 Fork AssemblyThe connected set of components which rotates as a single body about the steer axis. It includes the fork, fairing, lights, fender, front wheel and tire, front brake, handlebars, etc. The fork ass
33、embly plus the rear frame assembly constitute the vehicle. 3.48 Fork ClampSee triple clamp. 3.49 Fork Hinge LineSee steer axis. 3.50 Fork OffsetThe perpendicular distance from the steer axis to the front axle. 3.51 Fork Rake AngleSee rake angle. 3.52 Fork Steer AngleSee steer angle. 3.53 Fork TubeTh
34、e upper fork component that connects to the triple clamp above, and the slider tube below. 3.54 FrameThe structural part of the rear frame assembly. Attached to it, typically, are the fork assembly, the motor and transmission, the rear swing arm and suspension, the riders seat, and numerous other me
35、chanical components. 3.55 Frame AssemblySee rear frame assembly. 3.56 Frame FlexibilityStructural deflection and bending of the frame. 3.57 Frame HeadSee steering head. 3.58 Frame Rake AngleSee rake angle. 3.59 Free ControlThe situation where the rider provides no control input to the vehicle; typic
36、ally, by removing his/ her hands from the handlebar and making no body motions. 3.60 FrequencyFor periodic or oscillatory motion, a measure of the cycles completed per unit time. See also SAE J670e. 3.61 Friction DamperA device wherein the reacting force or torque is roughly constant with velocity,
37、and results from Coulomb friction. 3.62 Front AssemblySee fork assembly. 3.63 Front ForkSee fork. 3.64 GainThe numerical ratio between the amplitude of the output and input of a component under specified conditions. 3.65 GroovingSee pavement grooving. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS unde
38、r license with SAELicensee=Defense Supply Ctr/5913977001 Not for Resale, 12/04/2007 19:20:31 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- SAE J1451 Reaffirmed AUG2007 -5- 3.66 Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR)The value specified by the manufacturer as the load carrying cap
39、acity of a single axle system, as measured at the tire-roadway interface. 3.67 Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)The value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight. 3.68 Gyroscopic MomentThe reactive torque on the spin axis of a momentum wheel, resulting from precession. 3.69 HandlingThe r
40、esponse properties of a vehicle as perceived and experienced by the rider acting as a controller. 3.70 HeadSee steering head. 3.71 Heading AngleThe horizontal angle between a reference axis fixed in the vehicle and a reference axis fixed in the roadway, giving a measure of vehicle yaw rotation or di
41、rectional orientation relative to the roadway. See also SAE J670e. 3.72 High-SideA vehicle upset involving an extreme rolling and capsizing motion, where the upper part of the vehicle rolls towards the direction of travel. 3.73 High Speed WeaveSee weave mode. 3.74 Hinge LineSee steer axis. 3.75 Incl
42、ination AngleSee camber angle. 3.76 InertiaThe resistance offered by a body to a change in its state of motion. See mass and moment of inertia. 3.77 InstabilityThe condition of being unstable, a tendency for the amplitude of motion to increase progressively without bound. See divergence. 3.78 Kinema
43、ticsThe translational and rotational motions of the vehicle and its component bodies. 3.79 LashSee snatch. 3.80 LateralTo the side. See lateral-directional. 3.81 Lateral AccelerationThe side acceleration of the vehicle, in a horizontal plane and perpendicular to a longitudinal axis in the plane of s
44、ymmetry. See also SAE J670e. 3.82 Lateral-DirectionalHaving to do with overall vehicle motions and forces to the side of the vehicle. Such motions include roll, yaw or heading, and side-to-side translation. They include the response to rider steer and side-to-side body movement inputs. Note: The rem
45、aining overall vehicle motions are mainly longitudinal. 3.83 Lateral ForceSee side force. 3.84 LeanSee rider lean or (vehicle) roll angle. 3.85 Lift ForceAn upward force, due to aerodynamic flow, lying in the vehicles nominal plane of symmetry. A vertical force component if the vehicle is upright. 3
46、.86 Linear BehaviorMotions when the vehicle response has the following (linear) properties: Superposition holds, the proportionality between input and output is independent of the input amplitude, the output cannot contain components at frequencies not present in the input, and the question of stabi
47、lity is unaffected by the nature of the input function and the initial conditions. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAELicensee=Defense Supply Ctr/5913977001 Not for Resale, 12/04/2007 19:20:31 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- SA
48、E J1451 Reaffirmed AUG2007 -6- 3.87 Link RatioThe ratio of: (1) the force at the reference point in the suspension to (2) the normal force applied at the tire contact point when the wheel is perpendicular to the roadway. 3.88 Load TransferRefers to a redistribution in the normal load between the front and rear tires, usually due to braking or driveline torques. Aerodynamic forces, and rider and passenger position changes can be factors, as well. See also SAE J670e. 3.89 Longitudinal Fore and AftIn general, having to do with overall vehicle motions and forces in the