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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2004 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
3、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fa
4、x: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS:http:/www.sae.org SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J2498 REAF. AUG2004 Issued1999-08 Reaffirmed2004-08 Superseding J2498 AUG1999 Minimum Performance of the Warning Light System Used on Emergency Vehicles 1.ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice p
5、rovides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for the system of optical warning devices used on emergency vehicles. 2.References 2.1Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue
6、 of SAE publications shall apply: 2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J575Test Methods and Equipment for Lighting Devices and Components for Use on Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width SAE J576Plastic Materials for Use in Optical Par
7、ts Such as Lenses and Reflectors of Motor Vehicle Lighting Devices SAE J578Color Specification SAE J595Flashing Warning Lamps for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance and Service Vehicles SAE J845Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles SAE J1318Gaseous Discha
8、rge Warning Lamps for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles SAE J1330Photometry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines SAE J1690Flashers 3.Definitions 3.1Active Horizontal and Vertical Angles of Light EmissionThe angles, specified by the manufacturer of the optical device, throughout which
9、 the optical warning device contributes optical power to the lighting system. 3.2Center of the LensFor optical warning devices with one lens, the geometric center of the lens. For optical warning devices with multiple lenses, the geometric center of the array of lenses. 3.3Emergency VehicleAn ambula
10、nce, fire apparatus, police car, or other vehicle which is permitted by law to call for the right of way and violate the rules of the road while responding to an incident affecting the public safety and to block the public road while at the scene of such an incident. SAE J2498 Reaffirmed AUG2004 -2-
11、 3.4Lower Level Optical Warning DevicesWarning devices mounted with the center of the lens between 46 cm and 157 cm (18 in and 62 in) above grade. For the purposes of this document, warning devices are considered Upper Level Warning Devices when mounted with the center of the lens at a height greate
12、r than 157 cm (62 in) above grade. 3.5Optical PowerThe unit of measure designed to combine the flash energy and flash rate of a light source into one power measurement representing the true visual effectiveness of the emitted light. The units of optical power are candela-seconds/minute. 3.6Light Sou
13、rceAny single, independently mounted, light emitting component in the lighting system. A light source may consist of a single optical element or a fixed array of any number of optical elements whose geometric positioning relative to each other is fixed by the manufacturer of the light source and not
14、 intended to be modified. 3.7Optical Warning DeviceA manufactured assembly of one or more light sources. 3.8Upper Level Optical Warning DevicesWarning devices mounted with the center of lens at a height greater than 157 cm (62 in) above grade. For the purposes of this document, warning devices are c
15、onsidered Lower Level Warning Devices when mounted with the center of the lens at a height between 46 cm and 157 cm (18 in and 62 in) above grade. 3.9ZonesFor the purpose of defining and measuring the required optical performance of upper and lower level optical warning devices, the upper and lower
16、warning levels shall each be divided into four warning zones. The four zones shall be determined by drawing lines through the geometric center of the emergency vehicle at 45 degrees to a line lengthwise of the emergency vehicle through the geometric center. The four zones shall be designated A, B, C
17、, and D in a clockwise direction with zone A to the front of the emergency vehicle. Zones BF and DF comprise the front half of zones B and D which are adjacent to Zone A. (See Figure 1.) FIGURE 1WARNING ZONES 3.10 Zone TotalA zone total reflects the combined performance of the individual optical war
18、ning devices oriented as installed on the vehicle when viewed along the perimeter of a circle of 30.5 m (100 ft) radius from the geometric center of the vehicle. The zone total is the sum of the optical power of all the devices that project signals of permissible color into the zone as measured at 5
19、 degree increments along H. There are 19 measurement points in Zones A, B, C, and D and 10 measurement points in Zones BF and DF. The calculation of the upper level zone totals assumes that all upper level light sources are mounted at the geometric center of the vehicle and at the same height above
20、grade. The calculation of the lower level zone totals assumes that all lower level light sources are mounted at the geometric center of the vehicle and at the same height above grade. SAE J2498 Reaffirmed AUG2004 -3- With each optical warning device oriented as installed, the optical power contribut
21、ed by every light source that would be visible at a given point is taken from the test reports provided by the manufacturer of the optical warning device and added together to determine the total optical power at that point. The zone total is the sum of the optical power at all of the measurement po
22、ints in the zone. The zone totals of the upper and lower level optical warning devices are calculated independently. 4.Markings and Notices 4.1Certification of ComplianceThe emergency warning light installer or the owner shall be permitted to demonstrate compliance of the warning system by one of th
23、e following methods. 4.1.1Certification that the system was installed within the geometric parameters specified by the manufacturer of the optical warning system and referencing the light source test reports provided by the manufacturer of the optical warning devices used in the system. 4.1.2Certifi
24、cation that a mathematical calculation performed by a qualified person demonstrates that the combination of individual devices, as installed, meets the requirements of this document. This calculation shall be based on test reports for individual light sources provided by the manufacturer of the devi
25、ce. 4.1.3Certification that the actual performance of the lighting system was measured by a qualified person following the Guidelines contained Section 7, and meets the requirements of this document. 5.Tests 5.1Mechanical and Environmental TestsAll optical warning devices including those tested unde
26、r SAE J595 and SAE J1318, shall be tested in conformance with SAE J845. 5.2Photometric TestsAll optical warning devices shall be tested by, or on behalf of, the device manufacturer. The results of the testing shall be used to determine compliance with this document and shall be available upon reques
27、t from the optical warning device manufacturer. The goniometer, integrating photometer, and other equipment used to make test measurements shall meet the requirements of SAE J1330. 5.2.1The optical warning device shall be mounted in a goniometer and operated as it would be in a normal system applica
28、tion. The minimum distance between the light emitting surface of the source under test and the front face of the photometer detector shall be 18 m (59 ft). The goniometer shall be oriented and the integrating photometer shall be set to integrate light pulses from the source for a minimum of 20 s. If
29、 the optical warning device contains more than one light source, the test shall be repeated for each light source. 5.2.2For all tests performed with the power applied, the optical warning device shall be operated at 12.8 V 0.1 V for 12-V rated equipment and 25.6 V 0.2 V for 24-V rated equipment meas
30、ured at 30.5 cm 2.5 cm (12 in 1 in) from the point of entry into the device. If the equipment is rated for operation on both 12 V and 24 V, the tests shall be performed at both voltages. 5.2.3The test shall be performed along the horizontal plane (H) passing through H-V, the center of light source,
31、beginning at the vertical plane (V) passing through H-V, and repeated at 5 degree intervals to the left and right of V throughout the active horizontal angle of light emission of the light source being tested. 5.2.4The test shall be repeated at 5 degrees up and 5 degrees down from the horizontal pla
32、ne (H) passing through the center of light source (H-V), beginning at the vertical plane (V) passing through H-V, and repeated at 5 degree intervals to the left and right of V throughout the active horizontal angle of light emission of the light source. -,-,- SAE J2498 Reaffirmed AUG2004 -4- 6.Perfo
33、rmance Requirements 6.1Optical Warning DevicesEach emergency vehicle shall have a system of optical warning devices that meet or exceed the requirements of this document. 6.1.1The optical warning system on large and intermediate emergency vehicles, as defined in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2, shall consist of upp
34、er and lower level warning devices, and the requirements for each level shall be met by the warning devices in that level without consideration of the warning devices in the other level. There are, however, no separate requirements for upper and lower level optical warning devices mounted on small e
35、mergency vehicles, as defined in 6.4.3. All devices shall comply with the following performance requirements of SAE J845. VibrationHigh temperature MoistureLow temperature DustDurability CorrosionWarpage EXCEPTIONOptical devices and components designed for mounting only in weatherproof, interior spa
36、ces shall be required to comply only with the vibration test, high temperature test, low temperature test, durability test, and the warpage test for plastic components. 6.1.2Each optical warning device shall be installed on the emergency vehicle and connected to the vehicle electrical system in acco
37、rdance with the requirements of this document and the requirements of the manufacturer of the device. 6.1.3A master optical warning system switch that energizes all of the optical warning devices shall be provided. 6.1.4The optical warning system on the emergency vehicle shall be capable of two sepa
38、rate signaling modes during emergency operations. One mode shall signal to drivers and pedestrians that the emergency vehicle is responding to an emergency and is calling for the right-of-way. The other mode shall signal that the vehicle is stopped and is blocking the right-of-way. 6.1.5A switching
39、system shall be provided that senses the position of the parking brake or the park position of an automatic transmission. When the master optical warning system switch is closed, and the parking brake is released or the automatic transmission is not in park, the warning devices signaling the call fo
40、r the right-of- way shall be energized. When the master optical warning system switch is closed, and the parking brake is on or the automatic transmission is in park, the warning devices signalling the blockage of the right-of-way shall be energized. The system shall be permitted to have a method of
41、 modifying the two signalling modes. 6.1.6The optical warning devices shall be constructed or arranged to avoid the projection of light either directly or through mirrors into any driving or crew compartment(s). 6.1.7The front optical warning devices shall be placed to maintain the maximum possible
42、separation from the headlights. 6.1.8The light sources in the optical warning devices mounted on each level shall be of sufficient number and arranged so that failure of a single light source does not create a measurement point in any zone, on the same level as the failed light source, without a war
43、ning signal at a distance of 30.5 m (100 ft) from the geometric center of the emergency vehicle. This requirement does not apply to Zones BF and DF on Intermediate Emergency Vehicles. SAE J2498 Reaffirmed AUG2004 -5- 6.2Flashrate 6.2.1The minimum number of flashes from all of the light sources visib
44、le at each measurement point shall be 150 flashes per minute and shall be determined by adding together the flash rates given on the test reports provided by the manufacturer of the optical warning device for every warning device visible at each measurement point. Steady burning, non-flashing optica
45、l sources shall be permitted to be used, but the optical energy provided by the non-flashing sources shall not be included in the calculation of the zone total optical power. 6.2.2The flasher of any current interrupted, incandescent filament, flashing light source shall meet the requirements of SAE
46、J1690. 6.3Color 6.3.1Permissible colors or combination of colors in each zone, within the constraints imposed by applicable laws and regulations, shall be as shown in Table 1. The colors shall be white, red, yellow, or blue specified in SAE J578. 6.4Size 6.4.1REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE EMERGENCY VEHICLE
47、SIf the emergency vehicle has a bumper-to-bumper length of 6.7 m (22 ft) or greater, the requirements of 6.4.1.1 through 6.4.1.4 shall apply. 6.4.1.1The upper level optical warning devices shall be mounted as high and as close to the corner points of the vehicle as is practical in order to define th
48、e clearance lines of the vehicle. However, these optical warning devices shall not be mounted above the maximum height, specified by the device manufacturer, that gives an intensity value at 1.2 m (4 ft) above grade and 30.5 m (100 ft) from the optical warning device of less than 50% of that require
49、d at H. 6.4.1.2In order to define the clearance lines of the emergency vehicle, each lower level optical warning device at the front of the vehicle shall be mounted so that the center of the lens is forward of the centerline of the front axle and as close to the front corner points of the vehicle as is practical. Each lower level optical warning device at the rear of the vehicle shall be mounted so that the center of the lens is behind the centerline of the rear axle and as close to the rear corner points of th