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1、 The Pew Charitable Trusts applies the power of knowledge to solve todays most challenging problems. Our Pew Center on the States identifies and advances effective policy approaches to critical issues facing states, and our Pew Environment Group promotes practical, meaningful solutions to some of th
2、e worlds most pressing environmental problems. PEW CENTER ON THE STATES PEW ENVIRONMENT GROUP Susan Urahn, managing director Joshua Reichert, managing director Project Team Kevin Curtis Kil Huh Brendan Hill Phyllis Cuttino Lori Grange Jeannette Lam Laura Lightbody E. Brooks Riley Michele Mariani Vau
3、ghn Shannon Heyck-Williams Jill Antonishak Melissa Maynard Jane Breakell Carla Uriona, design Sean Greene Research Consultants: Collaborative Economics, Inc. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report benefited tremendously from the insights and expertise of an advisory panel and two additional external reviewers.
4、 These experts provided feedback and guidance at critical stages in the project. While they have screened the report for accuracy, neither they nor their organizations necessarily endorse its findings or conclusions. Advisory Panel: Marilyn Brown, professor, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institut
5、e of Technology; Doug Cameron, managing director and chief science advisor, Piper Jaffray; Joe Cortright, vice president and principal, Impresa; Jeff Finkle, CEcD, president and CEO, International Economic Development Council; Tim Woodward, managing director, Nth Power; and Joel S. Yudken, PhD, prin
6、cipal, High Road Strategies, LLC. External Reviewers: Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and director, Atmosphere/Energy Program, Stanford University; and Joe Fargione, Lead Scientist, North America Region, The Nature Conservancy. We would like to thank our Pew collea
7、guesAndrew McDonald, Brandon MacGillis, Kymberly Escobar, Lisa Cutler, Janet Lane, Alyson Freedman and Jessica Riordanfor their assistance with communications and dissemination. We thank Doug Henton, John Melville, Tracey Grose, Dean Chuang, Gabrielle Maor and Tiffany Furrell of Collaborative Econom
8、ics. And we thank Will Wilson for his profiles of companies in the clean energy economy, Mary Jo Waits of the National Governors Association for her suggestions and feedback, Kathy Litzenberg for her editorial assistance, John Tierno for his graphic assistance, and Mike Heffner, Lucy Pope and Denise
9、 Kooper of 202design for their design assistance. For additional information on The Pew Charitable Trusts, please visit www.pewtrusts.org. This report is intended for educational and informational purposes. References to specific products, services, companies and policy makers have been included sol
10、ely to advance these purposes and do not constitute an endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation by The Pew Charitable Trusts. 2009 The Pew Charitable Trusts 901 E Street NW, 10th Floor 2005 Market Street, Suite 1700 Washington, DC 20004 Philadelphia, PA 19103 The Clean Energy Economy | The Pew Cha
11、ritable Trusts JUNE 2009 1 The Clean Energy Economy June 2009 Dear Reader: Public- and private-sector leaders are working hard to create a brighter economic future for our country, one in which new industries create well-paying, enduring jobs for Americans and spark growth from coast to coast. The c
12、lean energy economy, still in its infancy, is emerging as a vital component of Americas new economic landscape. Thats the finding of The Clean Energy Economy: Repowering Jobs, Businesses and Investments Across America, a groundbreaking analysis by The Pew Charitable Trusts that sheds light on an inc
13、reasingly important part of the nations economic recovery. Pew counted actual jobs, companies and investments in every state and the District of Columbia aimed at developing clean, renewable sources of energy, increasing energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming,
14、 and conserving water and other natural resources. We found that jobs and businesses in the emerging clean energy economy have grown at a faster rate than U.S. jobs overall. And they are poised for even greater growth, driven by increasing consumer demand, venture capital infusions by investors eage
15、r to capitalize on new market opportunities, and policy reforms by federal and state lawmakers seeking to spur Americas fiscal recovery, reduce our dependence on foreign oil and protect the environment. This report reflects the intersection of two of Pews lines of work. The Pew Center on the States
16、identifies and advances effective approaches to improve states fiscal health and economic competitiveness, and the Pew Environment Group promotes practical, meaningful policy solutions to some of the worlds most pressing environmental problems. Across the country, state lawmakers also are pursuing t
17、he dual goals of economic growth and environmental sustainability. A growing number of states are implementing policies to capitalize on the clean energy economy, from renewable portfolio and energy efficiency standards to financial incentives for public- and private-sector innovation and investment
18、. At the federal level, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act provides tens of billions of dollars to bolster those efforts. But to realize the clean energy economys full potential, federal leaders must do more. The nation needs a comprehensive, economy-wide energy plan, a market-based system t
19、hat will significantly reduce emissions that cause global warming and derive more of Americas energy supply from clean, renewable sources. Strong federal policies will accelerate the growth of this economic sector by generating jobs and businesses that develop clean energy and increase energy effici
20、ency. As federal and state lawmakers consider these and other critical reforms, Pew will conduct follow-up research to determine which policy approaches most effectively help America achieve the double bottom line of economic growth and environmental sustainability. We hope this report will inform a
21、nd guide our nations leaders as they seek to expand our emerging clean energy economy. Sincerely, Susan Urahn Joshua Reichert Managing Director Managing Director The Pew Center on the States The Pew Environment Group Americas clean energy economy is dawning as a critical component of the nations fut
22、ure. Research by The Pew Charitable Trusts shows that despite a lack of sustained policy attention and investment, the emerging clean energy economy has grown considerably extending to all 50 states, engaging a wide variety of workers and generating new industries. Between 1998 and 2007, its jobs gr
23、ew at a faster rate than overall jobs. Like all other sectors, the clean energy economy has been hit by the recession, but investments in clean technology have fared far better in the past year than venture capital overall. Looking forward, the clean energy economy has tremendous potential for growt
24、h, as investments continue to flow from both the government and private sector and federal and state policy makers increasingly push for reforms that will both spur economic renewal and sustain the environment. By 2007, more than 68,200 businesses across all 50 states and the District of Columbia ac
25、counted for about 770,000 jobs that achieve the double bottom line of economic growth and environmental sustainability (Exhibit 1). In todays tough financial climate, when millions of jobs have been lost, those numbers may sound modest. Three quarters of a million jobs represent half a percent of al
26、l jobs in the United States today. But Pews research shows that between 1998 and 2007, clean energy economy jobsa mix of white- and blue-collar positions, from scientists and engineers to electricians, machinists and teachersgrew by 9.1 percent, while total jobs grew by only 3.7 percent. And althoug
27、h we expect job growth in the clean energy economy to have declined in 2008, experts predict the drop in this sector will be less severe than the drop in U.S. jobs overall. Pews research indicates a strong start for a new economy still very much in its infancy. To put our clean energy economy number
28、s in perspective, consider the following. Biotechnology, which has developed applications for agriculture, consumer products, the environment and health care and has been the focus of significant public policy and government and private investment, employed fewer than 200,000 workers, or about a ten
29、th of a percent of total U.S. jobs in 2007, according to a 2008 Ernst jobs in Tennessees clean energy economy grew by more than 18 percent between 1998 and 2007, compared with 2.5 percent growth in all jobs in the state. Colorado has raised the amount of power electricity providers must supply from
30、renewable energy sources to stimulate job growth in solar and wind power and other forms of clean energy generation. Ohio ranked among the top five states with the most jobs in clean energy, energy efficiency and environmentally friendly production in 2007. Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi and South Dakot
31、a are among more than a dozen states where the number of jobs in the clean energy economy in 2007 was modest, but the average annual growth rate of those jobs was among the highest in the country. All told, in 38 states and the District of Columbia, job growth in the clean energy economy outperforme
32、d total jobs growth between 1998 and 2007. In a number of states, job gains in the clean energy economy have helped lessen total job losses. The Clean Energy Economy | The Pew Charitable Trusts 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Defining the Clean Energy Economy Pew partnered with Collaborative Economics, Inc., a
33、public policy research firm based in California, on the research. While organizations on both sides of the political spectrum have weighed in with forecasts and economic modeling to estimate the size of the clean energy economy, Pews analysis is the first of its kind to count actual jobs, businesses
34、 and investments for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our numbers are conservative and may be lower than some other reports for three reasons: First, we developed a stringent definition of the clean energy economy; second, we used a new, labor-intensive methodology that counted on
35、ly companies that we could verify online as being actively engaged in the clean energy economy; and third, we counted businesses and jobs supplying products and services generated by the clean energy economy, not the companies using these products and services to make themselves “greener” (i.e., we
36、counted only companies and jobs on the supply side, not the demand side, of the clean energy economy). Policy makers, business leaders and the public need credible, reliable data to ground their policy deliberations and choices, and to understand where emerging economic opportunities lie. They also
37、need a clear, concrete and common definition of what constitutes the clean energy economy so they can track jobs and businesses and gauge the effectiveness of public policy choices and investments. Based on significant research and input from experts in the field, including the advisory panel that h
38、elped guide this study, Pew developed the following definition: A clean energy economy generates jobs, businesses and investments while expanding clean energy production, increasing energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, waste and pollution, and conserving water and other natural reso
39、urces. The clean energy economy cuts across five categories: (1) Clean Energy; (2) Energy Efficiency; (3) Environmentally Friendly Production; (4) Conservation and Pollution Mitigation; and (5) Training and Support. While specific jobs and businesses will change in the coming decades, the five categ
40、ories of the clean energy economy will notproviding a clear, practical and consistent framework for federal, state and local policy makers and the private sector to track investments, job and business creation, and growth over time. Jobs of Today, and Jobs of Tomorrow Pews framework takes into accou
41、nt that technology, scientific research, market forces and public policy will continue to drive innovation and competition, so the largest segments of todays clean energy economy may not be its driving forces tomorrow. Our data show that 65 percent of todays clean energy economy jobs are in the cate
42、gory of Conservation and Pollution Mitigationa sector that reflects the growing recognition among the public, policy makers and business leaders of the need to recycle waste, conserve water and mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. But three other categoriesClean Energy, Energ
43、y Efficiency and Environmentally Friendly Production are growing at a far faster clip. And about 80 percent of venture capital investments in 2008 were in the sectors of Clean Energy and Energy Efficiency: businesses and jobs working to develop clean, renewable energy 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Clean E
44、nergy Economy sources such as wind and solar and products and services that reduce our overall energy consumptionall of which will help meet the demands of a carbon-constrained economy. The flow of venture capital indicates which sectors are most attractive to investors and have the greatest growth
45、potential. The number of jobs and businesses in Clean Energy and Energy Efficiency will grow over timeand as the country increases the amount of power it draws from renewable sources, we will generate less waste, reduce our reliance on foreign oil and produce fewer carbon emissions that cause global
46、 warming. That does not mean that jobs in the Conservation and Pollution Mitigation category will disappear. As other countries seek to follow Americas lead, they increasingly will need help managing their finite natural resources and addressing the adverse effects of their use of fossil-fuel energy
47、 sources creating a new market for our products, technology and know-how. Public Policys Role in Driving the Clean Energy Economy Public policy is another important indicator of the future of the clean energy economy. Policies intended to advance the clean energy economyfrom comprehensive energy pla
48、ns, renewable energy standards and energy efficiency measures to the development of alternative fuels, job retraining and waste reduction effortshave been adopted or are being actively considered by both the federal government and states. It is too early to tell to what degree these efforts will suc
49、ceed in stimulating U.S. job growth, strengthening Americas competitiveness, curbing pollution and conserving resources. But Pews analysis indicates such policies have great potential because they create significant incentives for both the private and public sectors to develop new technologies, infrastructure and processes for clean energy, efficiency and conservation. Now that we have baseline data in hand, Pew will conduct follow-up research to assess which approaches are particularly effective in generating jobs, bus