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1、TIA STANDARD Radiowave Propagation - Path Loss - Measurement, Validation, Presentation and TIA-845 OCTOBER 2001 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for
2、 Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NOTICE TWEIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeabi
3、lity and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for his particular need. Existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmember of TWEIA rom manufacturing or selling product
4、s not conforming to such Standards and Publications, nor shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than TIARIA members, whether the standard is to be used either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIARIA
5、 in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TWEIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safet
6、y problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-4820, f
7、ormulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-8.18 Subcommittee on Wireless Systems Compatibility.) Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 200 1 Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 PRICE: Please refer to current Catalog of EIA ELECTRONIC INDUSTR
8、IES ALLIANCE STANDARDS and ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call Global Engineering Documents, USA and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (303-397-7956) All rights reserved Printed in U. S.A. Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees
9、/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03
10、/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networkin
11、g permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD v INTRODUCTION . vi1 1.0 SCOPE 1 2.0 NORMATIVE REFERENCES . 1 3 .O DEFINITIONS however, this will partially be mitigated by the presence of multipath transmission. 4 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provid
12、ed by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845 At the base site, the optimum antenna arrangement is an omni-directional radiator located atop a
13、mounting structure. However, side mounted antennas can be accommodated if the antennas position with respect to the tower and the towers geometry are well defined. The following antenna arrangements cannot be adequately characterized. Therefore, they shall not be used for research purposes : Variabl
14、e down-tilt antennas Antennas mounted such that a portion extends above the tower and a portion is parallel to the antenna structure. Antennas within the near field of another antenna Because of the near-impossibility of determining the source transmitter, simulcast systems shall not be used as sign
15、al sources for measurements used for research purposes. 4.1.2 Receiver Considerations 4.1.2.1 Ge ne ral Communications receivers frequently lack dynamic range at either the low end or the high end, or at both. To correct for the low-end problem, a pre-amplifier can be employed. To correct for the hi
16、gh-end problem, a programmable attenuator can be employed. Measuring receivers always put out signal strength in digital form. Communications receivers, on the other hand, output signal strength in either digital form as Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), or in analog form as limiter voltag
17、e. In the latter case, Digital Voltmeter (DVM) or an A/D converter must be employed to interface between the receiver output and the computer. See Figure 1. The best tool for making a signal measurement is a receiver designed specifically for that purpose. This type of receiver has numerous advantag
18、es and two disadvantages when compared to a communications receiver: A specialized measurement receiver is expensive. d2 iz *The near-field far-field boundary is given by 2-, where d is the effective length of the antenna and A is the wavelength. Antennas that are closely- spaced, yet outside the ne
19、ar field of any other antenna are compliant with this Standard, but are not recommended for research purposes. 5 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo repr
20、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845 The measurement bandwidth is somewhat inflexible. This can be serious, since the measurement bandwidth must accommodate the modulation from the transmitter. A communications receiver can also be used for making signal measuremen
21、ts. Although they do not have the many features provided by a measuring receiver, they are adequate for the job when properly applied and do have a small number of advantages over measuring receivers, including low cost and having the exact bandwidth that is needed for the given application. Before
22、using a communications receiver for this purpose, the user must ensure that the receivers output characteristic (either RSSI or limiter voltage) is monotonic. 4.1.2.2 Extending dynamic range If a communications receiver is to be used, consideration should be given to adding a low noise preamplifier
23、to increase the measurable range at the low end. In implementing a preamplifier, care should be exercised such that intermodulation products are not produced, distorting the measurements. To address the opposite issue, saturation problems experienced at very strong signal levels, a programmable atte
24、nuator can be employed. When the computer sees that the signal strength is approaching saturation, it can switch a PIN diode coaxial switch that controls the attenuator. 4.1.2.3 Calibration issues A communications receiver should be calibrated to its antenna input port using a signal source whose ab
25、solute level accuracy is specified as within 5 0.5 dB. Coaxial cable losses shall be calibrated out. The calibration signal source shall have been calibrated within the time interval recommended by its manufacturer, but in no event more than one year prior to calibrating the test receiver. Prior to
26、calibrating the receiver, the calibration signal source shall have been warmed up according to its manufacturers recommendation for guaranteed amplitude accuracy, but in no event for less than 30 minutes. Since communications receivers can have rather non-linear calibration curves, it is required th
27、at calibration points be taken at 1 dB intervals. Additionally, each point in the calibration table shall be the mean of at least 30 individual measurements. This latter requirement is necessary because, at some points on the calibration curve, the signal level is close enough to the noise level tha
28、t the noise will cause instability in the reading. Most measurement receivers are self-calibrating. Manufacturers recommendations should be followed in performing the calibration. It should be noted that temperature and voltage variations can affect receiver calibration. The receiver should be teste
29、d for sensitivity to these variables. A 6 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845
30、 regulated power supply may be required if the sensitivity to supply voltage variations is excessive. There is no practical means of addressing excessive sensitivity to temperature variation. 4.1.3 Position Information Considerations A source of position information is essential to a successful test
31、. Position information is commonly derived from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The level of accuracy delivered by this system (122.5 meters at the 95fh percentile) may be adequate in some cases. However, it is strongly recommended that some form of DGPS (differential GPS) be employed wh
32、en making measurements for research purposes. Some such systems give results as good as 1 1 meter. One notable DGPS system is the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), supplied by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. It has 1 1 meter accuracy; however, because the difference signals are transmi
33、tted from geo-synchronous satellites over the Atlantic and western Pacific, ground-based receivers located in the Northern and Western USA can have difficulty in receiving the differential signal. The U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center provides somewhat less accurate DGPS information, on the order o
34、f 1 O meters rms. Over-the-air differential information is also available from private sources, sometimes broadcasting the information on a subsidiary carrier authorization (SCA) sub-carrier of an FM broadcasting station. Differential corrections can be processed either in real time or post-processe
35、d. Given that the speed calculations made by GPS receivers include a certain amount of hysteresis, a speed transducer, such as a Hall-effect device inserted in the speedometer cable or a “fifth wheel”, can be useful to provide more accurate speed information. 4.2 Data Gathering It is required that t
36、he signal be transmitted from the base site and measured at a mobile receiver, rather than the opposite. This stems from two considerations: First, receivers located at base sites are typically more subject to signals that can produce desensitization and intermodulation interference than are those i
37、n mobile locations. Desensitization reduces the overall dynamic range available to be measured. Intermodulation interference can do so, as well. Intermodulation is also more apt to be intermittent, causing the receiver to become intermittently uncali brated. A second reason for the preference for th
38、e base-to-mobile direction is that this mode of operation makes it practical to make multiple simultaneous geographically separated measurements by the use of mobile receivers mounted in multiple vehicles. 7 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALice
39、nsee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845 It is understood that there may exist a need for documenting data gathering methods in the mobile-to-base direction. Because of the m
40、ultiplicity of issues involved and the uncertainty of the magnitude of the need, mobile-to-base measurements will be left for a later issue of this standard. 4.3 Data Reduction The output of the receiver used in making the measurement may take any of three forms; namely, a signal strength value (fro
41、m a measuring receiver) and either a limiter voltage or a received signal strength indication (RSSI) data stream (from a communications receiver). The outputs from the communications receiver must be converted into a signal strength value by making reference to a calibration curve. At this point, al
42、l antenna system gains and losses must be factored in to result in an output value that gives the value that would appear at the output terminals of a dipole antenna. In accordance with user requirements, this can be converted to signal strength in dBi, field strength, power density, or (after takin
43、g into account transmitter ERP) into path loss relative to dipoles or isotropic radiators. However, the value shown in the output file shall be expressed in dBm. Having diligently removed all systematic sources of error from the measurement system, the remaining measurement errors can be assumed to
44、be uncorrelated random variables. The corresponding measurement uncertainties should be estimated and combined into an overall root sum of squares estimate for the overall measurement uncertainty. This quantity should be provided with the measured data. 8 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Associ
45、ation Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/29/2007 21:52:28 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA-845 5 Before making data available publicly, that data shall be verified. As a minimum, t
46、he following measures shall be taken: DATA VE RIF I CATI ON 5.1 In terference Data measurements can be affected by interference. For example, an interfering signal resulting from an on-frequency station or from intermodulation products generated from an off frequency signal can artificially increase
47、 the measurement to a value higher than would be received from the desired value. The following methods have been found to be useful in avoiding or detecting interference: 5.1 .I Mon to ring If the channel is audibly monitored, it may be possible to identify interfered-with data. Frequently, an inte
48、rfering signal will be obvious due to its audio characteristics or due to sounds made by the receiver in response to two or more received signals. To accentuate the ability to audibly identify interference, a unique modulation source can be placed on the desired carrier. Where interference is identified, the measurement equipment can be configured to either “flag” data that is suspected of being interfered-with or to remove such data upon operator intervention. See clause 6.3. 5.1.2 Bit Err