《TIA标准 TIA-455-28-C-1999-R2005.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《TIA标准 TIA-455-28-C-1999-R2005.pdf（36页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 TIA STANDARD FOTP-28 Measuring Dynamic Strength and Fatigue Parameters of Optical Fibers by Tension TIA-455-28-C (Revision of EIA/TIA-455-28-B) March 1999 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIAT Representing the telecommunications industry in association with the Electronic Industries Alliance ANSI/TI
2、A/EIA-455-28-C-1999 Approved: March 26, 1999 Reaffirmed: May 10, 2005 NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, a
3、nd assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Stan
4、dards and Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent pol
5、icy. By such action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It
6、is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-4123-RF1, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA FO-4.2 Subcommittee on Optical Fibe
7、rs and Cables). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 U.S.A. PRICE: Please refer to current Catalog of TIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION STANDARDS AND ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call Global Engine
8、ering Documents, USA and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (303-397-7956) or search online at http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/search_n_order.cfm All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. -,-,- NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT This document is copyrighted by the TIA. Reproduction of these documents either in ha
9、rd copy or soft copy (including posting on the web) is prohibited without copyright permission. For copyright permission to reproduce portions of this document, please contact TIA Standards Department or go to the TIA website (www.tiaonline.org) for details on how to request permission. Details are
10、located at: http:/www.tiaonline.org/about/faqDetail.cfm?id=18 OR Telecommunications Industry Association Standards (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or cha
11、nged in the standards development or any editing process. The use or practice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When
12、 IPR consisting of patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, th
13、e scope or validity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not war
14、rant or represent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate products, de
15、signs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCH
16、ANTABILITY AND ITS NON- INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, O
17、R THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDI
18、NG WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF
19、 ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. -,-,- TIA-455-28-C i FOTP-28 Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parameters of opti
20、cal fibers by tension CONTENTS NumberTitlePage Contentsi Foreword -iii Section 1Introduction -1 Section 2Normative references -3 Section 3Apparatus -3 Section 4Sampling and specimens -6 Section 5Procedure -9 Section 6Calculations and interpretation of results -12 Section 7Documentation -15 Annex ATy
21、pical dynamic testing apparatus -16 Annex BGuideline on gripping the fiber -18 Annex CGuideline on stress rate -23 Annex DComparison of this method with IEC and ITU requirements -25 -,-,- TIA-455-28-C ii This page left blank. TIA-455-28-C iii FOTP-28 Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parameters
22、 of optical fibers by tension Foreword (This foreword is informative and is not a part of this standard.) This document comes from TIA Project No. 2210B, and was formulated under the cognizance of TIA FO-6.6 Subcommittee on Optical Fibers and Cables, and TIA FO-6.6.8, Working Group on Optical Fiber
23、Reliability. This document combines and is intended to replace the existing FOTPs TIA/EIA-455-28B, Method for Measuring Dynamic Tensile Strength of Optical Fiber (October 1991), and TIA/EIA- 455-76, Method for Measuring Dynamic Fatigue of Optical Fibers by Tension (May 1993). There are four informat
24、ive annexes. Key words: strength, fatigue, failure stress, stress corrosion parameter, Weibull distribution. TIA-455-28-C iv This page left blank. -,-,- TIA-455-28-C 1 FOTP-28 Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parameters of optical fibers by tension 1Introduction 1.1Intent This method tests ind
25、ividual lengths of uncabled and unbundled glass optical fiber. It breaks sections of fiber with controlled increasing stress that is uniform over the entire fiber length and cross section. The stress is increased at a nominally constant rate until breakage occurs. The distribution of failure stress
26、values can be used to measure some reliability parameters. Changes in the failure stress distribution that occur by changing stress rate can be used to measure the stress corrosion parameter n. For Weibull distributions, procedures are given to determine the Weibull dynamic shape parameter md and sc
27、aling parameter S0. Some distributions are not Weibull, such as bimodal Weibull distributions, but can be related to Weibull. 1.2Scope Failure stress distributions can be used to predict fiber reliability at a variety of alternative conditions. TSB-61 shows mathematically how this can be done. To co
28、mplete a given reliability projection, the tests used to characterize a distribution must be controlled for the following: Population of fiber, e.g., coating, manufacturing period, diameter Gage length, i.e., length of section that is tested Stress rates Testing environment Preconditioning or aging
29、treatments Sample size This method measures the strength and the stress corrosion parameters of optical fiber at specified constant strain rates. It is a destructive test, and is not a substitute for prooftesting. This method is used for those typical optical fibers for which the median fracture str
30、ess is greater than 3.1 GPa (450 kpsi) in 0.5 m gage lengths at the highest specified strain rate of 25 %/min. For fibers with lower median fracture stress, the conditions herein have not demonstrated sufficient precision. TIA-455-28-C 2 This method tests the fatigue behavior of fibers by varying th
31、e strain rate. The test is applicable to fibers and strain rates for which the relationship of log of failure stress vs. log of stress rate is essentially linear. Other approaches are feasible for non-linear results. Typical testing is conducted on 0.5-m gage lengths with sample numbers ranging from
32、 15 to 30. The realm of probability that is characterized with a typical test does not approach the level needed for installed cable when failure rates as low as 10-5 break/km are required. To assess probabilities at this low level, use ITM-1. This FOTP is useful, however, in comparing the effects o
33、f different environmental treatments, or to measure either strength or the stress corrosion parameter. The test environment and any preconditioning or aging is critical to the outcome of this test. There is no agreed upon model for extrapolating the results for one environment to another environment
34、. For failure stress at a given stress rate, however, as the relative humidity increases, failure stress decreases. Both increases and decreases in the measured stress corrosion parameter and strength distribution parameters have been observed as the result of preconditioning at elevated temperature
35、 and humidity for even a day or two. 1.3Background This test is based on the theory of fracture mechanics of brittle materials and on the power-law description of flaw growth (see TSB-61). Although other theories have been described elsewhere, the fracture mechanics/power-law theory is the most gene
36、rally accepted. There are several other fatigue tests that are related to this test: Static fatigue in tension Dynamic fatigue in two-point bending Static fatigue in two-point bending Static fatigue in bending While these tests theoretically measure the same properties, differences between the measu
37、red values have been observed. 1.4Other A typical population consists of fiber that has not been deliberately damaged or environmentally aged. A typical fiber has a nominal diameter of 125 m, with a 250 m or less nominal diameter acrylate coating. Default conditions are given for such typical popula
38、tions. Atypical populations might include alternative coatings, environmentally aged fiber, or deliberately damaged or abraded fiber. Guidance for atypical populations is also provided. TIA-455-28-C 3 1.5Hazards This test involves stretching sections of optical fiber until breakage occurs. Upon brea
39、kage, glass fragments can be distributed in the test area. Protective screens are recommended. Safety glasses shall be worn at all times in the testing area. 2Normative references Test or inspection requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following references: EIA/TIA-455-AStandard Tes
40、t Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and other Fiber Optic Components FOTP-161 (EIA/TIA-455-161)Procedure for Measuring High Temperature and Humidity Aging Effects on Mechanical Characteristics of Optical Fibers FOTP-173 (EIA/TIA-455-
41、173B)Coating Geometry Measurement for Optical Fiber Side- View Method FOTP-176 (EIA/TIA-455-176)Measurement Method for Optical Fiber Geometry by Automated Grey-Scale Analysis TSB-61 (TIA/EIA-61)Power-law theory of optical fiber reliability ITM-1 (TSB-62-1)Characterization of large flaws in optical f
42、ibers by dynamic tensile testing with censoring 3Apparatus This section prescribes the fundamental requirements of the equipment used for dynamic strength testing. There are many configurations that can meet these requirements. Some examples are presented in Annex A. The choice of a specific configu
43、ration will depend on such factors as: gage length of a specimen stress rate range environmental conditions strength of the specimens TIA-455-28-C 4 3.1Gripping the fiber at both ends Grip the fiber to be tested at both ends and stretch it until failure occurs in the gage length section. The grip sh
44、all not allow the fiber to slip out prior to failure and shall minimize failure at the grip. Record a break that occurs at the grip, but do not use it in subsequent calculations. Since fiber strain is increasing during the test, some slippage occurs at the grip. At higher stress levels, associated w
45、ith short gage lengths, slippage can induce damage and cause gripping failures that are difficult to ascertain. The frequency of such failures can often vary with stress rate, leading to errors in estimating the stress corrosion parameter. Careful inspection of the residual fiber pieces, or other me
46、ans, is required to prevent the possibility of including gripping failures in the analysis. Use a capstan, typically covered with an elastomeric sheath, to grip the fiber (see Figure A1 of Annex A). Wrap a section of fiber that will not be tested around the capstan several times and secure the fiber
47、 at the ends with, for example, an elastic band. Wrap the fiber with no crossovers. The capstan surface shall be tough enough so that the fiber does not cut into it when fully loaded. The amount of slippage and capstan failures depend on the interaction of the fiber coating and the capstan surface material, thickness, and number of wraps. Careful preliminary test