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1、 TIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS BULLETIN Fiber Optic Power Meters: Measurement and Application Issues TSB-143 July 2007 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION The Telecommunications Industry Association represents the communications sector of Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provid
2、ed by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through elimi
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6、andard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its
7、 use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-0066, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA FO-4 Fiber Optic. FO-4.5 Subcommittee on Fiber Optic Metrology.) Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 U.S.A. PRICE: Plea
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22、try Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM O
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25、tions Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 i TSB-143 Fiber Optic Power Meters: Measurement and Application
26、Issues Contents 1. Scope 1 2. Description . 2 3. Critical Performance Issues 4 3.1 Detector . 4 3.2 Collecting Optics . 10 3.3 Electronics 12 4. Calibration Issues 14 4.1 Environmental conditions 14 4.2 Absolute power calibration. 14 4.3 Optical linearity 19 4.3 Calibration versus verification 22 5.
27、 Conclusion . 23 6. References . 24 Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 ii Th
28、is Page is Blank Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 iii _ Foreword _ This St
29、andard was formulated under the cognizance of TIA Subcommittee FO-6.1 (later becoming FO-4.5). Future document and subject matter support will fall under TIA Subcommittee FO-4.5. Key words: fiber optics, optical power, dB, dBm Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under l
30、icense with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 iv This Page is Blank Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALice
31、nsee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 1 TSB-143 Fiber Optic Power Meters: Measurement and Application Issues _ 1. Introduction _ 1.1 Scope The proper calibration of an opt
32、ical power meter requires the verification of two critical parameters: absolute accuracy at a given reference power over a wavelength range and linearity at a given wavelength over a power range. We discuss the key elements involved in determining the uncertainty in the absolute accuracy and the non
33、-linearity of the power response under what are termed “reference conditions of calibration”. We also discuss the underlying causes of erroneous measurements resulting from each of the three subsystems constituting a power meter: detector element, collecting optics and electronics. Copyright Telecom
34、munications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/2007 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 2 _ 2. Description _ Ever since the discovery of the photo
35、voltaic effect in the late nineteenth century, optical scientists have struggled to accurately correlate the electrical current generated by a photosensitive surface (i.e. a detector) to the incident optical power. Rapid developments in fiber-optic telecommunications have pushed the requirements for
36、 optical measurement accuracy to ever more stringent levels. Consequently, it is still a challenge to calibrate a fiber-optic power meter if one seeks a high degree of absolute accuracy and linearity over a wide range of input power levels and across a wide wavelength range such as: From -90 dBm (or
37、 1 pW) to +30 dBm (or 1 W); and From 600 nm to 1700 nm. Ultimately, the establishment of a correspondence between the essentially thermodynamic concept of incident optical energy and the detected electrical current requires a careful calorimetric determination of the optical power, generally first b
38、y means of a cryogenic radiometer. Such a measurement, normally painstakingly undertaken at a national standards laboratory, represents the first step in a rigorous calibration chain. A typical example of this calibration chain is presented in Figure 1. The awkward and non-transportable primary refe
39、rence standard, characterized by a very low absolute uncertainty, is generally used to calibrate in turn a slightly less accurate but more practical semiconductor thermopile or an electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR). The national standards laboratory then performs an absolute cali
40、bration of a photoelectric detector serving as a “transfer” standard, that becomes a reference standard when used under what is known as the “reference conditions” appropriate to the nature of the optical beam under test. Since the radiometer cannot provide absolute measurements at full rated accura
41、cy below a relatively high optical power (typically 10 or 100 W), calibration of the photodetector transfer standard at lower powers should then proceed via a rigorous determination of the response linearity, to be discussed in more detail below. Although expensive, these national laboratory transfe
42、r standards, with an absolute accuracy of typically 1-% can be purchased and used as a reference for a commercial calibration system. Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association Provided by IHS under license with EIALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 07/16/200
43、7 00:37:19 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TSB-143 3 Figure 1. Typical Power Meter Calibration Process When considered as a generic optical detection system, the two key issues characterizing the calibration of a fiber-optic power meter are: Absolute calibra
44、tion of the response at one or more wavelengths (generally over a wavelength range) and at a reference power level (same as the one used by the national standards laboratory); and Linearity of the response with varying input power level and at a reference wavelength such as 1550 nm. These issues sho
45、uld be considered for a number of well-defined reference conditions1, to be discussed in the following section. National Laboratory Primary Standard: Cryogenic Radiometer National Laboratory Working Standard: Electrically Calibrated Pyroelectric Thermopile (ECPR) Thermopile Radiometer Commercial Ref
46、erence Standard: Photoelectric-Based Calibrated Power Meter Commercial Working Standard: Photoelectric-Based Power Meter Commercial Power Meter 950 1550 1650/20 mW Few mW Linearity Dependence on Power (P) P Density Total Input P P Density Surface Dependence of Response Uniformity Good Best Strong Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) Good Good Strong Copyright Telecommunications Industry