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1、Material Selection For Automotive SpaceframeMaterial Selection for Automotive Spaceframes Aluminum usage in automobiles and light trucks has been climbing steadily. Even more important, auto manufacturers are beginning to see aluminum the way aircraft manufacturers do - as the basic structural mater
2、ial for their vehicles. Increasingly, in the case of carmakers, that thinking begins with an aluminum body structure such as the spaceframe. Its a new and potentially powerful trend. As recently as 1990, there were no aluminum-structured passenger cars in production anywhere in the world. The closes
3、t thing was the HMMV (Hummer), at that time strictly a military vehicle. As of 1997, there were seven aluminum-structured passenger cars in production. For three of them - Audi A8, Plymouth Prowler, and GM EV-1 - Alcoa has been the principal partner in designing, engineering and manufacturing alumin
4、um components, subassemblies, and - in the case of the Prowler - the frame itself. And thats just the beginning. A concept car with a modular spaceframe in technology reviews held for Ford and Chrysler, Alcoa unveiled a vehicle concept embodying ideas for future cars and light trucks. The design is
5、based on a spaceframe structure comparable to those Alcoa has helped to develop for the Audi A8 and Plymouth Prowler. But in the concept vehicle, the spaceframe is modular, a step toward using such structures in a broad range of future vehicles. By changing modules, a carmaker could produce a sedan,
6、 a sport utility vehicle, and a pickup truck, all from a single production platform. New programs with Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Alcoa is producing the front energy management structure for the new Mercedes-Benz A-class car (above) now selling in Europe. This 11-piece structure was designed by Alcoa
7、 and is robotically assembled at Alcoas plant in Soest, Germany. Production volume is expected to reach 1,000 units per day. For Chrysler, an aluminum rear crossmember designed and manufactured by Alcoa improves the handling and noise-vibration-harshness performance of the all-new 1998 Dodge Intrepi
8、d and Chrysler Concorde as well as the 1999 Chrysler LHS and 300M models. AAS will manufacture 270,000 units per year at its Northwood, Ohio plant. Something new around the windshield. A key advance incorporated in the 1997 Corvette is a first-of-its-kind windshield surround developed in a design an
9、d engineering collaboration of General Motors and Alcoa. An effective combination of aluminum cast and extruded products makes this an extremely stiff structure, helping the new Corvette to earn excellent reviews for its stiffness and superior handling. Northwood will produce 25,000 windshield surro
10、unds annually. .Design tools to aid in product development New guidelines for use in designing automotive components have been installed at AAS operations in Esslingen, Germany; Southfield, Mich; and Alcoa Technical Center (ATC) near Pittsburgh. Developed by AAS and ATC, the guidelines will assist a
11、utomotive engineers in evaluating product design and fabrication options. Objectives: Improve design quality and cut development time by 30%. Audi A8 is picked as a technological winner In December, the Audi A8 was named one of the top 25 Winning Technologies by Industry Week (IW) magazine in the U.
12、S. The editors report: The 1997 Audi A8 with its aluminum spaceframe body technology indicates what is possible when the status quo in materials is challenged in automotive design. The luxury sedan delivers a new standard in weight savings, structural integrity, safety, performance and comfort. IW t
13、races the origins of the Audi spaceframe to an early 1980s R&D initiative that became a joint-venture with Alcoa. The spaceframe took 10 years to develop, the editors note, and is the result of 40 new patents, seven new aircraft-grade aluminum alloys, and extensive design analysis via supercomputers
14、. Alloy A substance with metallic properties, composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. More specifically, aluminum plus one or more other elements, produced to have certain specific, desirable characteristics. Alumina Aluminum oxide produced from bauxite by an intr
15、icate chemical process. It is a white powdery material that looks like granulated sugar. Alumina is an intermediate step in the production of aluminum from bauxite and is also a valuable chemical on its own. Aluminum Spaceframe An integrated structure of aluminum castings and extruded parts that for
16、ms the primary body frame of a new generation of automobiles. Bauxite An ore from which alumina is extracted and from which aluminum is eventually smelted. Bauxite usually contains at least 45% alumina. About four pounds of bauxite are required to produce one pound of aluminum. Brazing Joining metal
17、s by flowing a thin layer of molten, nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. . Crossmember Component of a vehicle structure that spans the structure, joining two sides together. Engineered product A basic aluminum fabricated product that has been mechanically altered to create special p
18、roperties for specific purposes; forgings and extrusions are examples of engineered products. Extrusion The process of shaping material by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in a die. Fabricate To work a material into a finished state by machining, forming or joining. It all starts with dir
19、t. This kind of dirt is called bauxite ore. If you looked at a four-ton truckload of it and someone asked, What can you make out of that? - you would think, Not much. Maybe the base for a driveway. But from four tons of bauxite, its possible to refine about two tons of alumina - a powdery oxide of a
20、luminum. Its not easy. The technology is complex and the equipment is massive. But Alcoa has refined the refining process to an art. . And from those two tons of alumina, we can smelt a ton of aluminum. Smelting aluminum. Smelting aluminum was the invention that launched Alcoa launched Alcoa 111 yea
21、rs ago. A ton of aluminum is enough to make the cans for over 60,000 Cokes, Pepsis or Buds. Enough to make the spaceframes for seven Audi A8 luxury cars. Enough to make40,000 computer memory disks, capable of storing all the books ever published. . Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in t
22、he earths crust and one of the more difficult to extract. It is always found locked in combination with other elements such as oxygen or sulfur, as part of various aluminum-bearing minerals notably bauxite. Once converted into its metallic state, aluminum is like no other material on earth. Its futu
23、re is bright because its combination of useful properties is extraordinary. Aluminum is eminently recyclable. Aluminum pays its own way through the recycling loop. Making aluminum from recycled scrap takes only 5% of the energy it would take to make new metal from ore. Aluminum is. Light in weight -
24、 about a third as heavy as copper or steel. Highly resistant to corrosion. Strong, and can be made still stronger by adding small amounts of other metals in alloys. An excellent conductor of heat and electricity. An excellent reflector of heat and light. Nonmagnetic, a valuable property around compasses or sensitive electronics. Nontoxic, thus often chosen to package foods, beverages, and medicines. Outstanding in cryogenic properties - strong, not brittle in intense cold. Highly workable, capable of forming by all known metalworking processes. Naturally good looking.