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1、The Influence of National Religion on Country PoliticsTake America, china, and Japan as Examples系 别 外国语言文学系 专 业 英语 年 级 外语一班 学 号 20091151116 姓 名 指导教师 AbstractWith the development of science and technology, the countrys politics is enjoying great changes and become more scientific. But faced with diff
2、erent countrys forms of government, party systems and foreign policies, we will fail to thoroughly understand the features of a countrys politics when the influence of national religion on countrys politics is not well studied. National culture is a great tool to shape peoples thinking and national
3、politics, thus national religion as a countrys dominant culture has deep influence on the national politics. Therefore, the study of national religion on countrys politics is crucial to the understanding of a countrys politics. This passage will mainly focus on the influence of national religion on
4、a countrys politics with America, China and Japan taken as examples. The influence of national religion on countrys form of government, party systems and foreign policies will be involved.Key word: Christianity, Confucianism, Shinto, form of government, party system, foreign policy论文摘要随着科技的发展，各国的政治发
5、生了日新月异的变化，变得更加科学化。但是当我们面对扑朔迷离的异国国家体制，政党制度和外交政策等的时候，我们若看不到其背后国家宗教对其的影响，我们是不能够透彻理解各国政治制度的特征的，因而也就不能很好的采取应对措施。所以，对国家宗教对国家政治的影响意义重大。国家宗教对国家政治产生的深远的影响。国家文化作为潜移默化塑造人民思想与国家政治制度的工具，对国家政治产生了深远的影响，而国家宗教又是国家文化中的主流文化，深刻的影响了国家政治。此文就此国家宗教对国家政治的影响为话题，以美国，中国以及日本为例，详细阐述国家宗教对国家政治对各国国家制度，政党制度和外交政策方面的不同的影响。 关键词：基督教，儒教，
6、神道，国家制度，政党制度，外交政策Contents1. Literary review12. The Influence of National Religions on Country Form of Governments 52.1. America: the influence of Christianity on presidential system2.2. China: the influence of Confucianism on the system of peoples congress2.3 Japan: the influence of Shinto on Japane
7、se form of government the Mikado systemTake Japan as example3. The Influence of National Religions on Their Countries Party System83.1. The influence of Christianity on American party system3.1.1. The Formation of American Two Party System3.1.2 The Influence of Religion on Parties by Voting 3.2. The
8、 influence of Confucianism on Chinese party system3.2.1.The influence of Confucianism on communist party as the leading party 3.2.2. The influence of Confucianism on the close cooperation between communist party and other democratic parties3.3. The influence of Shinto on Japanese party system4. The
9、Influence of National Religions on Their Country foreign policies124.1. America: the influence of Christianity on foreign policies4.2. China: the influence of Confucianism on foreign policies4.3. Japan: the influence of Shinto on Japanese foreign policies 5. Conclusion186. Works cited19201. Literary
10、 reviewThe topic of the influence of national religion on countrys politics has been studying for many years by many scholars. This first part of the article will introduce the research achievement concerning the influence of American, Chinese and Japanese national religions on their counties politi
11、cs. From Dong Xiaochuans American Religion and Politics of 20th Century we can see that religion plays important roles in American society. From the view of spiritual world, religion is Americans spiritual consolation, from the view of social politics, religion is the countrys ideology, from the vie
12、w of group psychology consciousness, religion is the Americans uniform morality and values, from the view of religions social values, religion is the American politics additive, from the view of national spirit, religion is the Americans spiritual forces. Thus we can deduce that the influence of rel
13、igion on American politics is from every aspect, deeping down into the spirit of the Americans and demonstrating through various forms. This article will discuss the influences of Christianity on American contemporary politics, including the influences on form of government, party system and foreign
14、 policies.In the early part of the seventeenth century, about a hundred people arrived in America, they were determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. As professor Chang Yaoxin written in his A Survey of American Literature:God must have sent
15、 them there for a definite purpose and that, as Gods chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. The influence of Christianity on America starts from the very beginning of
16、 the founding of the country, it deeply permeates Americans way of thinking, moral standard and different aspects of the political, economic and cultural institutions of the society. This article would analyse the influence of Christianity on American contemporary politics in the form of government,
17、 party systems and foreign policies.Christianity has vast influence on American Democratic form of government, party system and foreign policy. The United States is a federal constitutional republic with constitution as its authority which represents the will of people. Guo Tiancheng said in his art
18、icle Christianity and the Founding of American Democratic Political System:when European Protestantism spread to America, it was influenced by the local circumstances of that time (the vast development land, the variety of races and religious sects, and the religious revivals of the early to mid 18t
19、h century) contribute to the emerging of democratic theology and democratic ecclesiology in American religious system, thus lead to peoples choice of independent road and Democratic political system. Then the author Ye Ma says that the badness of human nature of Christianity contributes to the two p
20、arty system. (The Beginning and The End of Confucius, Analects of Confucius and Chinese Traditional Culture) Except that, Ted G. Jelen states the influence of Christianity on foreign policy in Religion and Foreign Policy Attitudes Exploring the Effects of Denomination and Doctrine, saying:Roman Cath
21、olics take relatively dovish positions on several foreign policy issues, and Catholics who hold Evangelical theological beliefs are especially skeptical of the necessity of bombing civilians. Evangelical beliefs occasion hawkish attitudes on a number of international issues. Similar with America, Co
22、nfucianism also has great influence on Chinese politics, including the areas of form of government, party systems and foreign policies. From Pan Qingyins Influences of Confucianism on Chinese Contemporary Politics we know the following things: Traditional cultural has unknowingly influenced peoples
23、thinking and countrys politics. Since Spring and Autumn period, there exists hundred schools of thoughts including Confucianism and in Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi accepts the ideas of Dong Zhongshu to ban from hundred philosophers and venerate Confucianism. From then on, Confucianism continues to shap
24、e Chinese politics till today. From Xuezhi Guos Review on Dimensions of Guanxi in Chinese Elite Politics we can see that enqing deriving from Confucianism is the foundation of Guanxi, one of the important factors of Chinese politics. When compare it with the Christianity which the people try hard to
25、 gain the forgiveness of their sin, while the Chinese trying to repay people for their kindness. As the author said Guanxi in its emotional dimension emerges primarily from ganqing (emotional attachment) or enqing (owing a great favour). And due to the influence of Confucianism on peoples thingkings
26、 and relationships, people are prone to choose one party dominance system. Because of the belief in the kind nature of human beings, they have no need to separate the parties into numbers of party, they believe the single one can think for all the profits of people. And because of special enqing bon
27、d between people they are more likely to bond together rather than separate. This provide good environment for Chinese one party dominance system. Also from Chih-yu Shihs National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy we know that the Confucianis
28、m helps to build the hierarchy system which has strong influences on todays form of government. As the author says in the article that Confucianism creates a sense of hierarchy, the patriarchal system and the percept of filial piety which call for the behaviors that superiors show ren and the subord
29、inates show respect, and individuals should know exactly their roles in the society which provide the psychological security of people. Because of this traditional culture, people are easy to accept the government selected by the people can be benevolent and have full responsibilities for them.Japan
30、ese national religion Shinto also has great influence on Japanese politics. In the Influence of Japanese History of Shinto on its Politics, Wei Yiqi says the followings: Japanese Shinto can be traced back to the 9th century, forms in the Japanese primitive society and becomes the traditional Japanes
31、e religion. With the development of society, Shinto gradually develops into the ideological tool to master peoples mind. So that we can see that the influence of Shinto continues from the past to today and on every aspect of life. It also plays an important role in Japanese politics. In the Brief In
32、troduction of the Formation of Japanese System of Emperor, Luo Shiguang says that the fundamental thing about the Japanese system of emperor is the worship toward the deity of Mikado, which is indivisible from the influence of Shinto centering on the worship of emperors. From Huang Kunqis on the Inf
33、luence of Shinto on Japanese Politics we can see that the author deems the phenomenon of groups and the hierarchy system influenced by Shinto have impacts on Japanese one party dominance system, or the liberal democratic party s long-term governing.There is no doubt that a certain culture forms the
34、peoples thinking of a country, which inevitablely in turn influence the countrys politics. And the national religion of a country is the one of the main part of a countrys culture thus has great influence on the countrys politics. This article will take America, China and Japan as examples to analys
35、e the influence of national religion on the countrys form of government, party systems and foreign policies.2. The Influence of National Religions on Country Form of Governments National religions have influences on their own form of government. We have to admit that the formation of countries regim
36、es organizational arrangements is influenced by many factors, however this article will mainly analyse the influence of religions. America, China and Japan will be taken as examples. 2.1. America: the influence of Christianity on presidential system Christianity has been deeply influencing American
37、presidential system.The President of the United States of America is the leader of the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. He is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves and to convene and adjourn either or both
38、houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances, is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world. In Christianity, theres a all-knowing and all-powerful god. He is often conceived of as the supernatural creator and overseer of humans and the universe. God has also been conceive
39、d as being incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligations, and the greatest conceivable existent. As mentioned above the U.S. is built by the people who try to escape the religious persecution and seek religious freedom, at that time the holy religion they believe influence their
40、 mode of thinking in design politics structure. The influence of Christianity on presidential system exists with a certain inevitability. From the view of Dong Xiaochuan, the relation between religion and politics can be separate into three categories, the religion gains the upper hand thus form the
41、 theocracy with the religious leader as their highest leader such as Iran, then the politics prevail such as the Soviet Union, with the political leader as their most powerful leader, and the third category is the religion to be combined and cooperate with politics, America is in that category. To s
42、eek the freedom of religious belief, America separates church and state activities at the very beginning, but with the Christianity they believe, they set the position of president with great power as in the Bible the great God. 2.2. China: the influence of Confucianism on the system of peoples cong
43、ress Confucianism formed the strong traditional characteristics of Chinese political culture through two thousand years of influencing, and still stay in the Chinese political culture with vitality to influence the Chinese form of government. The systems today still share a striking similarity with
44、the ideal picture of Confucianism. First, as we can see that national peoples congress and local peoples congresses at all levels are formed through democratic election by the people are subject to the supervision of the people. From the doctrines of Confucianism, we know that the emperor should rei
45、n with benevolence and the people should subject to him, and overthrow the regime when the emperor lacks Ren. Whats more, the people representatives elected by citizens are the people possessing high moral standards and working abilities. From the Great Harmony of Book of Rites which is the compilat
46、ion of Confucianism we know that Confucius deems a well-off society should be the one courageous and prudent people are given government right. Also, the system of Chinas National Peoples Congress highlights the principle of equality by providing for the representative of every persons right. Confuc
47、ianism portrays a society of great harmony in The Book of Rites that the ideal society benefits all the citizens, all citizens, rich and poor, men and women, young and old alike. Further more, the system of Chinas National Peoples Congress indicates that maybe not all the people have the chance to p
48、articipate in government or some political affairs, but their rights can be represented by the people they elected. From Confucianism we can realize that politicians are pursuing the ideal society of great harmony. In the book of rites, Confucianism wants a society where people not only love their own parents, they love others parents just as their own; and they not only love their own children, they love others children alike; they not only consi