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1、外文原文Automobile Exhaust PollutionIn the worldBackgroundWhen we stand in the street and face the heavy traffic in big cities, some people will be attracted by the prosperity of the city while some will be addicted into the scene of debauchery. We will not realize the danger of exhaust of automobiles u
2、ntil we wake up. It is threatening our lungs and our health. According to the research, in the world, another most important factor, which leads to air pollution, is exhaust of automobiles. In 1943, in Los Angeles of California, USA, 2.5 million cars burnt 1100tons petroleum every day. Petroleum bur
3、ning brought hydrocarbon. When hydrocarbon was irradiated by ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, it had chemical changes. There had been light blue fog. The fog made a lot of citizens become sick, such as red eyes and pain in the head. From then on, people call this pollution actinic fog. In 1955 and
4、 1970, actinic fog event happened twice in Los Angeles. The former made four hundred people died of breath crock up. Three-fourths of the citizens got sick in 1970. In history, actinic fog events in Los Angeles were called one of “The world eight threaten” and “The ten environmental threaten in 20th
5、 century” in the world. These events make people start to realize threaten of exhaust of automobiles. A lot of environmental protectors are worried about the danger of our living environment.Introduction Automobiles are the necessary products of the development of modern industry civilization. Its a
6、gility and convenience satisfy the demand of people to improve the level of life very well. It improves the development of traffic. Whats more, automobile also becomes the top industry in some countries. It improves the development of social economy consider from some degree. As the old saying goes,
7、 “Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters”. Since 21st century, automobile exhaust pollution is becoming a global problem. The demand of automobiles is increasing every day. With the increasing number of automobiles, they are becoming widely used in our daily life; thus, they have more neg
8、ative effects to the worldwide environment. Especially, the exhaust of automobiles threatens the environment of cities. Some diseases of breath system are caused by it. It also makes the air contains too much ozone. Urban heat island effect is becoming worse because of it. The exhaust of automobiles
9、 is threatening peoples health directly. At the same time, it has deep influence on peoples living environment. The natural environment offers environment and resources to people to survive and develop, but it suffers heavy destroy from human beings. Only when natural environment is in the condition
10、 of ecological equilibrium, human beings have optimistic future. Solving the problem of automobile exhaust pollution is pressing. The purpose of our report is calling the people all over the world to protect our unique earth. We hope that everyone will realize the importance of protecting the enviro
11、nment. Everyone should make a great effort to control automobile exhaust pollution.Body Automobile exhaust pollution is a kind of pollution caused by exhaust from automobiles. It will produce many kinds o f poisonous matter. The main contaminations are hydrocarbon, Nox oxides of nitrogen, carbon mon
12、oxide, sulfur dioxide and leaded mixture. Sulfur dioxide contains strong stimuli smell. When it reaches certain saturation, it will lead to acid rain. Then, water and soil become acid. It will affect the growth of plants and forest. According to the report of research, air pollution is the main reas
13、on of many diseases, such as cancer, blood vessel, lung disease, mental disease, psychological barriers, malformation, and weak intelligence and so on. During the recent one hundred years, the warming climate has become significant threaten to human beings. Melting glacier, rising water and the phen
14、omenon of el have brought severe challenge of the living of human beings. However, carbon dioxide is the main factor that causes global warming. Most of the carbon dioxide came from the exhaust of automobiles.Current situationThe annual report from the environmental protection department tell us tha
15、t the possessing capacity of automotive vehicle representing the feature of increasing. In 2009, the manufacture produced about 13.79 million and the sales volume is 13.64 million, up 48.3% and 46.2%. The possessing capacity of automotive vehicle is about 0.17 billion, up 9.3%. 25 times more than wh
16、at is in 1980.Among the automotive vehicle, there is 62.09 million of automobile and 94.53 million of motorbike. According to car exhaust emission control standards, the number of the automobile reach the National III Emission Standard just own 25.4%. There is 31.8% reached National II Emission Stan
17、dard and 25.7% reach the National I Emission Standard. The rest cannot achieve National I Emission Standard. As we know, automobile is the main producer of the pollutants discharge. The automobile discharge includes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exceeds 70%. Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter a
18、re more than 90%. On the basis of Vehicle Classification, in China, the automobile carry passenger discharge carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon is obvious more than truck. The tuck is main producer Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. Classified with fuel, gasoline produces more carbon monoxide and h
19、ydrocarbon than diesel oil. But the diesel oil discharge Nox about 60% and Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter exceed 90%.In 2009, in China automotive vehicle discharge 51.43 million ton, inside this data, carbon monoxide have 40.18 million ton, hydrocarbon have 4.82 million, nitrogen oxide have 5
20、.83 million, particulate matter have fifty-nine thousand ton.Influence of Automobile Exhaust PollutionTo human health:The influence to the human health is the direct effect. Automobile exhaust consists of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. Especially the lead gasoli
21、ne, it is more hurtful to the human health.The analysis of science show, a car can discharge 3 times exhaust than its weight. In England, compare with the rate of traffic accident, there are ten times more people die because of the air pollution, according to the report of study from The British Air
22、 Clean association and environmental protection association.Why so many people die in the air pollution? I will analysis the harmful substance in the automobile exhaust.Particulate matter: its composition is very complicated. It has the strong adsorption affinity. The particulate matter through the
23、lung to enter the body, this effect has been linked to respiratory symptoms. When the densities of this particulate matter rise to a certain degree, it will cause the malignant tumor. Besides, particulate matter also can direct contact skin and eye, result in our tiny hair follicle get clogged and s
24、weat gland, this situation can cause the lichenin dermatitis and conjunctivitis, this has even spawned the corneal endothelium injury. Eyes, skin and lung is very important to us. We do not want to the automobile exhaust hurt us.Carbon monoxide: When the carbon monoxide compatible with hemoglobin, t
25、he speed is 250 times more than the oxygen compatible with the hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide through the lung to enter the blood circulation, when the carbon monoxide affine the hemoglobin, it will form the carbonyl hemoglobin that reduce the function of the blood carry oxygen to the bodily tissue and
26、 mainly violates the central neural system. Discourage people from the nervous system, for example, feeling, response, comprehension and a retentive faculty. If there is too much carbon monoxide in the body, it will harm the circulatory system of the blood. Maybe it will make one persons life in dan
27、ger.Nitrogen oxide: The main element of the nitrogen oxide is nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. These two gaseous fluids are very harmful to the human health. Especially, the harmful to the respiratory system, it may cause the respiratory diseases and finally to loss of the breath.Hydrocarbons: Hyd
28、rocarbons are organic compounds. It is unclear the direct influence to the human health. When the nitrogen oxide compatible with the hydrocarbons, it can form the irritant light blue photochemical smog under the solar ultra-violet. This direct harm of the photochemical smog is irritating eye and the
29、 mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; cause the eye redness and the inflammation of the throat.Lead (BP): Lead is a heave metal. There is 60% lead in the air comes from the lead gasoline burring. When the densities of this lead (Pb) rise to a certain degree, it will cause the disease of c
30、ardiovascular system. At the same time, it will influence the liver, kidney and nervous system. The density of the lead is heavier than the air, it will focus in the 1 matter. So the main victim is the children.To the plants:The automobile exhaust not only hurt the human health, and it is also hurt
31、the plants. In the automobile exhaust, it also forms the ozone and organic niters. It can hurt the leaf of the plants. The ethylene, it will make the bad effect to blossom and bear fruit of the plant. The automobile exhaust will hurt the beetroot, spinacia, tomato and tobacco in a very easy way. As
32、we know, the plants which grow in the speed way never have the high output value.To the environment:The automobile exhaust is the key points of the air pollution. The reason of the acid rain, the soil and water become more and more acidic, make the bad effect of the forest and crops, global warming,
33、 melting glaciers, swollen lakes. The automobile exhaust brings to many dangers to our environment.Current Solutions:(1) Raise the price of petroleumAt present, a variety of actions have been taken in order to reduce the air pollution it has caused. In most parts of China, as well as other countries
34、 in the world, gasoline prices have climbed steeply over the past few years. Gas was near $1 a gallon a decade ago. It took six years for the price to double to $2 a gallon in 2004. Six years later, in June 2010, gas prices have tripled once again to over $6 a gallon. The ongoing increase in gasolin
35、e prices have impacted not only China economy but also the world at large as the price of oil and gasoline impacts transportation (by truck, airplane, and boat), tourism (a major world industry), and is starting to have a major impact on the demand of automobiles. For example, it was recently announ
36、ced that the Ford F-150 pickup truck, which was the best selling automobile since 1991, dropped to the fifth most popular vehicle in May 2010. （ 2 ）Find substitute resourceIn the same vein, the governments have invested huge amount of money and talents to discover alternative fuel sources. Currently
37、, Chinese government encourages electricity development. These generators do not give off the toxic gas and fumes that normal fossil fuels do when they are burned, thus reducing harmful emissions into the environment. And in America, corn oil fuel is used most to instead fuel-driven, which is made f
38、rom corn plants, making it a renewable resource. It is overall more environmentally friendly and more cost efficient than traditionally used fossil fuels. Suggestions:Though some certain policies about air pollution control have been formed, the results are still not satisfied. To remedy the unsatis
39、fied situation, I suggest more methods should be done as the following discussing. (1) Use clean fuelFirstly, we can reuse natural resources around us. We can develop solar powered cars. There is a very bright future for solar energy to power our transportation needs and were just scratching the sur
40、face of the possibilities. The sun produces massive amount of heat energy that are transported right down to the planets surface. Once the suns rays arrive at the planets surface the strength of the heat energy immediately from the sun is not as hot for the reason that some of the warmth is rerouted
41、 before it reaches the earths atmosphere. When the sun is genuinely hot and its summer time we think that it couldnt get much hotter as the mid day sun makes your run for shade, although it can become possibly hotter if it was not rerouted. Even though there are particular days when there are clouds
42、 within the sky and rain, snow or different weather conditions, it is still feasible to create adequate heat within your solar source to create sufficient energy to survive till the sunlight is able to return. The evaluation of alternative fuels with low greenhouse gas emissions, from various produc
43、tion sources, setting up pollination analysis techniques combined with implementation methodologies on engine and vehicle test benches, thus reducing vehicle CO2 and pollutant gas emissions(2) Increase burning efficiency Whats more, burning fuel system in an automobile is also a significant factor i
44、nfluencing waste emission. So using advanced fuel treatment devices is necessary. A proprietary multi-phase process should be developed to utilize engineered flow patterns in order to restructure fuel hydrocarbons. As water is considered as the most abundant and purest material, we can use gas and w
45、ater combined to create a more efficient fuel burning process. The fuel burning is exactly what I am referring to; since we do not burn all of the gas that we put into our cars, it can help us use some of the gas that would be wasted or turned into pollution, thus making us have less trips to the ga
46、s station or local fuel pump. Besides, it has a unique portfolio of expertise, ranging from fuel formulation to refining processes and engine technologies. This will increases fuel efficiency and produces a cleaner burn system during the engines combustion cycle to improve burning and heating effici
47、ency, making innovative solutions for a smooth transition to energies and materials of tomorrowmore efficient, more economical, cleaner and sustainable.(3) Reduce automobile useA survey indicates that around 40% of CO2 emissions in the China are caused by things we do as individuals. Across these ac
48、tivities, personal car travel is the single biggest contributor to personal CO2 emissions: So reduce the number of miles you drive by walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass transit wherever possible. A study shows that avoiding just 10 miles of driving every week would eliminate about 500 pounds
49、 of carbon dioxide emissions a year! Make fewer car journeys choosing instead to walk or cycle. Walking your one-mile trips could save you over 160 each year in fuel. Besides, walking briskly on a regular basis is good for your heart and lungs, helps burn calories and is a good way to a healthier active life.Cycling two-mile trips could save you over 600 each year in fuel. Also cycling is a great way to exercise. It has a low impact on your joints and each two-mile trip ca