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1、The Different Diet Cultures Between China and WestName:Wang YuanMajor:Bussiness Engllish（商务英语）Grade:11College:College of Foreign LanguagesDate:2011-11-7Tutor：Xu Liping任务书姓名 专 业 英语(商务英语方向） 入学年度2006题目The Different Diet Cultures Between China and West主要内容：随着我国改革开放步伐的加快和加入世界贸易组织，对外交往越来越显示出其重要性。翻译作为交际的媒介
2、和信息转换放入手段，其重要性越来越显示出来。翻译是两种语言之间的转换,这种转换要以忠实“原作”为前提。因此,翻译中,“信”是第一性的、本质的标准。只有很好的掌握和了解这一标准，才能忠实于“原作”。由于不同的语言之间有众多的不同之处。因而“绝对的忠实于原文”不大可能的。本文将对“信”的相关理论进行论述，希望能够对提高翻译质量和做好翻译工作有所帮助，以促进中西方的交流。进度:论文提纲： 2009年10月10日正文初稿： 2010年 3 月10日论文二稿： 2010年 4 月10日论文定稿： 2010年 5 月25日论文答辩： 2010年 5 月30日 下达任务时间： 2011年10月指导教师签名:
3、 院长（主任）签字：指论文上交时间指导教师评阅意见论一稿3月10号1. 论文整体层次比较清楚，结构比较合理。2. 摘要部分陈述不够完整，需要作些修改。3. 部分地方存在格式问题，需要按要求认真调整。二稿4月10号1. 论文整体层次清晰，结构合理。2. 摘要仍需进一步充实，修改。3. 格式基本符合要求。三稿5月25号题目能体现本学科、专业的特点，正文观点正确，论据充分，结构比较严谨，逻辑性强，书写格式规范，内容完整，符合有关规定。指导教师签名： 年 月 日指导教师评阅成绩：指导教师签名：答辩委员会意见： 主任签字： 年 月 日答 辩 委 员 会 评 定 成 绩：主任签字： 年 月 日答辩委员会对
4、学位授予的建议：Abstract:The problem of translation criteria has been a puzzle for centuries. There are various theories that have been raised and have benefited much the practice of translation. Faithfulness is an important question of the principle of translation. All theorists maintain that translation s
5、hould be faithful to the original. To be faithful is the first responsibility to a translator. In this thesis，firstly, the author give a brief review of the theories on faithfulness. This dissertation begins with the different theories on faithfulness. And then the author tries to expound it from tw
6、o different aspects，that is，“faithfulness” in translating meaning and“faithfulness” in transmitting culture. Examples are cited from the Chinese classical novel A Dream in Red Mansions. At the end, the author is to make a brief conclusion about the importance and necessity of faithfulness. As the ba
7、sic criterion in translation, “faithfulness”, involves a wide range of factors, which should all be taken into consideration during the process of translating. Meaning and culture，are by no means complete and are in need of supplementation and improvement. Nonetheless，they touch the two fundamental
8、aspects of a language which play an important role in both writing and translating. Therefore，a translator should seriously observe and conscientiously take heed of the principle of faithfulness in translating. Key Words: theories faithfulness translation study Content I.Introduction 6 II. Concrete
9、Expression of Diet Cultural Difference 2.1.Differences of Diet Concept 72.2 Differences of Cooking Materials10III.Conclusion12IV.Notes13V.Bibliography15The Different Diet Cultures Between China and West1. IntroductionDiet culture (also know as food culture); it means diet, the skill of the diet proc
10、ess, and the diet nutrition health. The diet culture is based on the diet which is the summation of the operation, management, skill, culture, art, concept, living custom, and the style of philosophy. It is the creation of humankind in the diet acts and their results, involving the human diet thinki
11、ng, awareness, concepts, philosophy, religion, art, etc. There is final meaning and action for the development and form of every country and nation.1 China has a long history of the diet culture and the content is so abundant. Contrast from the differences between Chinese and Western diet culture, t
12、he mode of thinking and the life philosophy are all different. Chinese people focus on the harmony with God, and the ancients regard the diet culture as the god and the important things. By contrast western people focus on the people-orient. Because China has a long old history, so there is an advan
13、tageous more developer diet culture. Although the Western food culture does not develop or no Chinese cooking stress, but their table manners, meals apparatus are colorful. This article compares the diet culture between China and West from the concept, custom, tableware and so on , according to whic
14、h these we can see that the differences of culture between them. So comparing the differences between Chinese and Western food culture into philosophical differences remain an important source of practical significance.2. Concrete Expression of Diet Cultural Difference2.1 Differences of Diet Concept
15、 The first difference between China and West is the concept difference. Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, while Chinese diet is artistic and sentimental. During different eras of diet development, the two tendencies have only one purpose-solving the problem of hunger, but after the d
16、evelopment of diet culture, such tendencies are concentrated on different purposes: the first one focuses on the nutrition, principle and philosophy.2.1.1 The Rational Western Diet Concept The concept of western is a rational one, when they are eating; basically they understand the diet from the nut
17、rition. They regard the nutrition as the high rule of the diet.2 Whatever the color, taste, shape, fragrant of the food is how, the nutrition must have the priority. Basically enjoyment is not an important place in the diet, so they dont pursue the taste overlade. Therefore the western diet is so si
18、mple and actually.The concept of western diet is related to the whole philosophy system of the western world. In the western peoples diet culture, metaphysical traces can be found everywhere. Western-style food is characterized with the original taste with the cooking methods of roasting or to fryin
19、g. The process of every material is obvious. Generally, they put the materials by themselves and dont seem as Chinese food. Western-style food lays stress on tableware, cooking materials, food service, food raw materials, and the mixture of color. Although the comparison of the color is clear, the t
20、astes of many materials in food are not reconciled. Western view is that: eating is to meet the basic physical requirements with nutrition as the key factor.2.1.2 The Aesthetic Chinese Diet ConceptChinese concept is an aesthetic one. The Chinese diet takes the delicacy as first standard. Chinese peo
21、ple always believe eating is the god and the taste is in the first place. Chinese mainly emplacing the taste, and try every possible means to create real taste of foods; but the western people are slow in catch up with the Chinese. The characteristics of Chinese people are mainly demonstrated. In di
22、fferent seasons, the rich and varied, styles are paid attention to in cooking3.The food culture of Chinese people is mainly for the taste, but little for the nutrition and the meaning of good taste always beyond description. This shows that the diet which Chinese people pursued is“artistic conceptio
23、n” which is abstrusely. Because in China, the artistic conception is the centre of all the arts, the diet culture is not exception 4. The beauty of the artistic conception for the eating can make people associate it with the nice things; it can work up peoples glamorous association. In the year of 1
24、918, Dr. Sun Zhongshan completed his collection “Strategies of Constructing countries”5 in which he points out the “psychological construction”6; he believes that Chinese cooking skill is a kind of art, like Chinese painting and calligraphy, Chinese cooking skills has the history of more than 2,000
25、years of aiming at excellence. That alone can indicate the profound Chinese culture.Chinese diet has its own unique charm; the key is its taste. The process of Chinese cooking is complicated. Boiling is let the food cooked, and mix the five tastes together. Chinese cooking focuses on the beauty of t
26、he mixture, which is the incisive point of the Chinese cooking art. The shape and the color of the dishes are the outside things, but the taste is the appearance. Paying attention to the internal but not adorning the appearance, the internal taste of the dishes is exhibited in the shape and color of
27、 the dishes, which are the most important performance and the aesthetic diet concept of Chinese.According to Chinese culture, diet is linked with the arts, expressing the philosophy of life, and it is our life in miniature. It contains many truths. It is not only a physical activity; but also a proc
28、ess, a way of ceremony. The aesthetic pursuit of Chinese diet obviously overpowers the rational; this diet concept is accorded with the philosophy thinking of the Chinese custom. By way of the representative of the Eastern philosophical, the obvious characteristics are the macroscopically, intuition
29、ist and faintness. The goals of Chinese dishes are suitable and delicious, all for the good taste of the dishes. The changes in the degree decide the success of Chinese dishes. This embodies the fruitful, dialectic of Chinese philology: the suitable and delicious taste at the firstly according to th
30、e variation of season, from summer to autumn it being bland, from winter to spring it being full-bodied and changing with the time, place and person.In view of the diet concept, the difference of the diet views makes the western diet tend to be more scientific and rational, and the Chinese diet is f
31、ull of art. Western treatment of diet is just as a kind of way “feed up first, and then does what you should do”. Only as a measure the attitude to eating is more casual, therefore the western people seldom focus on the taste and flavors of the food. Chinese people treat eating as a joy of life, eat
32、ing is not only for doing something, but also for enjoying something. By contrast, the key point of the western diet just focuses on the spread of the realistic use of the orianginal diet; Chinese focuses on the preference of the diet, they make diet a kind of art, which is full of creative and imag
33、inative factors.2.2 Differences of Cooking MaterialsDiet in a nation is closely related to the environments and customs. 7The peoples diet life can not do without the living environment. The living environment not only regulate the resource of the food which is possible to obtain, but also has deep
34、affection on the method of obtaining and consumption. The change of the living environment and internal factors finally change in the styles of diet culture8. The Chinese diet structure is mainly composed of the grainstarch, while the western structure mostly consists of meat, protein. Variety of Ch
35、inese MaterialsThat is to say, Chinese cooking materials are very complex, and very difficult to form the system. But it forms the system after all. Chinese culture has great strength. Chinese food culture is divided into three different systems, namely the north, southwest and southeast. This is al
36、so one of the three major derivative division, they form the Chinese diet culture which has the feature and the whole shape in the every area. If there is a book called the Chinese menu, it may not no smaller than the Encyclopedia. This feature is decided by the strong strength of Chinese civilizati
37、on and the vast land which is clouded by Chinese civilization. Of course, it is decided by the geographical location which it locates-The East.According to the search made by the western botanists, there are more than 6,000 kinds of vegetables which Chinese people eat9; it is six times as many as we
38、stern food. In fact, in Chinese food, the maigre food is the normal food, Chinese people eat meat only in festival or when the level of the living is become increasing. So in ancient times there had the adage - “vegetable eating”, vegetable eating has the magistral place. Chinese people regard the v
39、egetables as the main food; it is closely related to Buddhism. They regard the animals as “living beings”, but the plants are the “living beings”, and so, Chinese people insist on eating plants.Conclusion:Western people like meat, because they are the nomad and the nation of navigate in the antiquit
40、y. They live on fishing and breeding; often use the knives to cut the meat, so their diet sustention is meat and fish. Think over, bread, milk, cheese, butter, Mai wine, salad, French fry, whatever? Western peoples breakfast and lunch is much simple, this can be judged from the time: in the morning
41、they get up and go to work only 1.5 hours, in the noon there is only a half-hour to one hour for then to have meals and rest. In the evening, they can relax themselves and have romantic dinner, so they enjoy the meal which we call it easy food level dinner. They ring out at more than 4 oclock, and t
42、herefore have more time, although the content of the dinner is so rich, that is only the changing of the form. 11According to this obvious difference between Chinese and western cooking material, the Chinese people emphasis the plants characteristic, but the western people focuses on the animal food
43、. In the aspect of cultural behavior, the western people like risking, exploiting, friction, but Chinese people like peace, safety and stability. Of course, the western people such as American when they exploited the West, they throw all the property to the truck, and went on the journey of the risk
44、; but Chinese people remember “home” and “root” every time. No wonder this concept accord with the Chinese diet.Notes1Carole Counihan, Food and Culture, UK, 1997. 2余世谦，中国饮食文化的民族传统 J复旦学报（社会科学版）,2002-5.3潘宝明 朱安平中国旅游文化M北京: 中国旅游出版社2001.4朱希祥中西旅游文化的审美比较M上海: 华东师范大学出版社1998.5罗炳良建国方略M华夏出版社 20026罗炳良建国方略M华夏出版社 2
45、0027程立 程建华英汉文化比较词典M长沙: 湖南教育出版社 2000.8王利华中古华北饮食文化的变迁M北京: 中国社会科学出版社2000.9 Robert F.Kushner. Nancy Kushner. Dr.Kushbers Per sonality Type Diet. St.Martins Press. 2005-01.10 Fuschia Dunlop, Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook, Egland, Ebury Press, 2005-8.11 Arthur Agatston. The South Beach Diet: A Doctors Plan for Fast and Lasting Weight Loss. Headline Book Publishing. 2005-04.12李明英,社会习俗与饮食文化J锦州师范学院报, 1997 3.13周朝琦等，品牌文化M北京: 经济管理出版社 2002.14游修龄