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1、The origin and development of moldZhouping Yin1 , Han Ding2, and Youlun Xiong1 1 School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China 2 Center for Intelligent Design, Automation and Manufacturing, Faculty of Science and TechnologyCity University of Hong
2、Kong, ChinaMold is the basis for industrial production processes and equipment, known as the mother of industry 75% of the rough industrial products, components, 50% of the finishing part from the mold forming the vast majority of plastic products are also from the mold forming. As the national econ
3、omy, basic industries, mold involved in machinery, automobile, light industry, electronics, chemicals, metallurgy, building materials in various industries, a very wide range of applications. 1. the origin ofIn industrial production, using a variety of presses and installed in the press on the speci
4、fic tools, through the pressure system of the metal or non-metallic materials, the shape of the required parts or products, such specialized tools collectively referred to as mold.Modern mold manufacturing technology has witnessed rapid development of modern manufacturing technology has become an im
5、portant component. If mold CAD / CAM technology, mold laser rapid prototyping technology, precision die forming technology, the ultra-precision processing technology of mold, mold in the design using finite element method, boundary element method to flow, cooling, heat transfer process of dynamic si
6、mulation technology, mold CIMS technology has been in the development of mold DNM technology and numerical control technology, covering nearly all of modern manufacturing technology.2. classificationScientific classification of the die on the planned development of the mold industry, the systematic
7、research and development of mold production technology, research and development of touch with technical standards. Real Yan professional than the production, have important technical and economic significance of the research and development of mold technical standard system, with a more important o
8、rder of value is its foundation.1). open-mode: simple structure, small size, light weight, easy manufacturing and low cost, but the life expectancy is low, accuracy, precision suitable for less demanding, at the beginning of a simple.Small batch, or trial of the blanking pieces.2). guide plate: more
9、 accurate than open-mode high, suitable for the beginning of simple, small size of the workpiece blanking pieces. Asked the press stroke is not greater than the thickness of lead plate.3). guide column: column-oriented guide to ensure uniform clearance blanking, blanking the workpiece size and high
10、precision parts, molds and long service life, easy installation, suitable for mass production.4). continuous mode: require precise positioning of material, so that each shape within the hole and position accuracy can be guaranteed. High productivity, with a certain punching accuracy, suitable for ma
11、ss production. 5). compound die: stamping parts each position within the shape, high precision, suitable for mass production. Classification are many ways to die in the past frequently used are: Mold structure according to categories such as single-process mode, compound dies, etc.; By the use of ob
12、ject classification, such as auto panel dies, electrical mold, etc.; Classified according to the nature of processing materials such as metal products using molds, non-metallic system, with the mold, etc.;Classification are many ways to die in the past frequently used are: Mold structure according t
13、o categories such as single-process mode, compound dies, etc.; By the use of object classification, such as auto panel dies, electrical mold, etc.; Classified according to the nature of processing materials such as metal products using molds, non-metallic system, with the mold, etc.;Mold making mate
14、rials, according to categories, such as carbide die, etc.; according to the nature of the process, such as the drawing die, powder metallurgy mold, forging die and so on. These classification methods, some are not fully reflect the structure of various molds and forming characteristics of processing
15、 technology, and their use function. To do this, the use of molds to adopt a process for forming the nature and use of object-based, integrated classification method, the mold is divided into ten categories, the major categories shown in Table mold, but also under the mold structure, materials, the
16、use of functions and system model approach is divided into a number of Class or varieties. 3. mold materialsThe choice of steel molds for the successful application of plastics, and the choice of resin molded products for the ultimate performance requirements of equal importance. As the resin basis
17、having parties prepared to meet the plastic in the application performance requirements, like alloy steel also need to meet specific performance requirements in use. Some applications require high hardness, high wear resistance of die steel, in order to enhance the durability of parting lines, while
18、 other applications Zexu higher toughness of die steel, to resist the mechanical fatigue. In general, with higher hardness and wear resistance of steel more brittle, but almost all cases, the toughness of the steel stronger, its abrasion-resistant steel and steel (adhesion abrasion), and resistant g
19、lass fiber or mineral filling Resin abrasion performance will be weakened. Mold makers can choose to use stainless steel, to most of the other pairs of steel molding corrosive effect of resin. The higher the hardness of steel (Rockwell 55 or higher), the integrity of the parting line will be signifi
20、cantly increased, in the parting line of office, steel and steel mold core pulling along the port will have one or all of two steel surfaces Rockwell hardness range should be between 55 to Rockwell 58. In order to prevent glass or mineral filled resin mold abrasion, it is recommended to consider the
21、 embedded gate at A-2, D-2 or M-2 steel, and with the gate at the corresponding cores embedded in wear-resistant steel. Metals commonly used mold materials: M-2 Rc 62-64 Extremely high hardness, toughness is good, extremely abrasive wear and adhesion. For the gate inserts, core-pin, clamping die alo
22、ng the mouth or sub-district because of its resistance to wear, Processing and grinding machines difficult and costly D-2 Rc 57-59 High hardness, good wear resistance, used to produce glass or mineral filling agent high wear and tear of the gate insert and the cavity area more brittle, grinding and
23、assembly there are certain difficulties A-8 Rc 56-58 Excellent abrasion resistance to adhesion properties, high toughness, for the slider, RISER, oblique guide pins can still wear resistance A-6 Rc 56-58 Heat stability, excellent hardness and high compressive strength and reputation of a good genera
24、l-purpose air-hardening steel. Toughness General A-2 Rc 55-57 Heat stability, good toughness, wear resistance in general S-7 Rc 55-57 Excellent resistance to mechanical fatigue properties, excellent hardness / toughness, corrosion-resistant, abrasion properties of adhesion in general O-1 Rc 56-58 Wa
25、s good general-purpose oil-hardening steel, the adhesion of abrasion resistance on the performance. For small embedded pieces and core toughness, lower-middle L-6 Rc 55-57 Good toughness, oil hardening, has a good heat stability, moderate hardness, wear resistance under the middle P-5 Rc 55-57 High
26、ductility. Used for cutting hardened steel to suppress mold, the type is very low core hardness, durability and heat stability of the low - P-6 Rc 55-57 Easy machining and welding with low heat stability, durability, lower-middle - P-20 Rc 28-32 As industry-standard steel, toughness is very good, ea
27、sy to machining. Create a larger cavity of the good material of steel parts using a variety of activities and intensity of steel alloys Manufacturing, in order to prevent wear or abrasion high adhesion H-13 Rc 50-52 Is very high hardness, low toughness SS 420 Rc 48-50Excellent resistance to chemical
28、 agents of low hardness, anti-mechanical fatigue properties of very small, low thermal conductivityAmco * Metal 945Rc 31Thermal conductivity of high-performance, used to be a high degree of stability of the cooling cavity or core-area durability and wear resistance.Amco * Metal 940Rc 20Amco 945 with
29、 high thermal conductivity compared to the hardness, durability is poor4. the development of mold1). a new generation of die CAD / CAM Software TechnologyAt present, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and other countries and some of our universities and research institutes developed mold
30、 software, with a new generation of die CAD / CAM software for intelligent, integrated, mold manufacturability evaluation and so on.Mold a new generation of software should be built from the mold design and practice, summarized a large number of knowledge. This knowledge through a systematic and sci
31、entific order, in the form of specific projects is stored in the Knowledge Base and can easily be called by mold. In the intelligent software support, CAD is no longer the mold of traditional design and calculation method of imitation, but in advanced design theory, under the guidance of experts in
32、this field make full use of the wealth of knowledge and successful experiences, the design must have a reasonable result and advanced.Mold a new generation of software to three-dimensional thinking, intuitive sense to design mold structure, the generated three-dimensional structural information can
33、be easily used to mold manufacturability evaluation and numerical control machining, which requires the software dies in three-dimensional parametric feature modeling, molding process simulation, numerical control machining process simulation and exchange of information and organization and manageme
34、nt reached a considerable degree of perfection and have a high level of integration. Measure of the degree of the level of software integration, not only depends on functional modules are complete, but also look at whether these function modules share the same data model, whether in a uniform manner
35、 to form the overall dynamic database to achieve the integrated management and sharing of information to support the mold design , manufacturing, assembly, inspection, testing and commissioning of the entire process.Mold can produce a new generation of die nature of the evaluation function in the ro
36、le of software is important, it is necessary for multi-program screening, but also to the mold design process, the rationality and economic assessment, and modify the basis for mold designers.Die in the next generation software, manufacturability evaluation include mold design and manufacture of cos
37、t estimates, evaluation of mold can be assembled mold parts manufacturing process evaluation, mold structure and forming properties of the evaluation. There should also be a new generation of software for the assembly function, because the mold features are available only through its assembly struct
38、ure can be reflected. Assembly-oriented design methods, the mold assembly is no longer a simple by-part assembly, and its data structure, both the functions described in molds, but also define the relationship between the mold parts and components assembly features, parts and components to achieve t
39、he association which can effectively guarantee the quality of the mold.2). advanced manufacturing technology of Rapid Tooling(1). Laser rapid prototyping technology (RPM) developing very rapidly, China has reached international level and the progressive realization of commercialization. The world ha
40、s commercial Rapid Prototyping processes are mainly SLA (stereo lithography), LOM (Layered split manufacturing), SLS (selective laser sintering), 3D-P (3D printing).Tsinghua University, the United States introduced the first 3Ds SLA250 (stereo lithography, or laser curing said photosensitive resin)
41、equipment and technology and conduct research and development, after years of hard work, many improvements, perfect, launched the M-RPMS-Multi Functional Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing System (with LOM-SSM, melt extrusion-MEM), which is Chinas own intellectual property rights has the worlds only tw
42、o kinds of rapid prototyping technology systems (national patent), with a better cost performance.(2). no multi-point forming technology is height-adjustable punch dies for sheet instead of the traditional groups of the surface forming another advanced manufacturing technology, multi-point forming s
43、ystem for CAD / CAM / CAT technology as the main means of Fast and cost-effectively achieve the automatic three-dimensional curved surface shape. Jilin Industry University assumed the non-die-formed national key scientific and technological projects have been independently designed and manufactured
44、with international advanced level of the multi-point forming equipment. (3). field-based mold detection technology Precision mold the development of measurement have become increasingly demanding. Precision coordinate measuring machine, a long time by environmental constraints, rarely used in the pr
45、oduction site. Basically, a new generation of coordinate measuring machine has a temperature compensation and the use of anti-vibration material, to improve the dust control measures to improve environmental adaptation and the use of reliability, so that it can be easily installed in the plant used
46、to achieve the measurement of the characteristics of the site . 模具的起源和发展尹周平1，韩丁2，熊有伦11 中国华中科技大学2 中国香港城市大学 模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备，被称为工业之母。75%的粗加工工业产品零件、50%的精加工零件由模具成型，绝大部分塑料制品也由模具成型。作为国民经济的基础工业，模具涉及机械、汽车、轻工、电子、化工、冶金、建材等各个行业，应用范围十分广泛。 1. 起源 在工业生产中，用各种压力机和装在压力机上的专用工具，通过压力把金属或非金属材料制出所需形状的零件或制品，这种专用工具统称为模具。现代模具制
47、造技术发展非常迅速，已成为现代制造技术的重要组成部分。如模具的CAD/CAM技术，模具的激光快速成型技术，模具的精密成形技术，模具的超精密加工技术，模具在设计中采用有限元法、边界元法进行流动、冷却、传热过程的动态模拟技术，模具的CIMS技术，已在开发的模具DNM技术以及数控技术等，几乎覆盖了所有现代制造技术。 2. 分类 科学地对模具进行分类，对有计划地发展模具工业，系统地研究和开发模具生产技术，研究和制订摸具技术标准实砚专业比生产，都具有重要的技术经济意义，对研究和制订模具技术标准体系，具有更重要的阶值，是其基础。 1). 敞开模：结构简单，尺寸小、重量轻、制造易、成本低、但寿命低、精度差、
48、适于精度要求不高，开头简单，小批量或试制的冲裁件。 2). 导板式：精度比敞开模高，适于开头简单，工件尺寸不大的冲裁件。要求压力机行程不大于导板厚度。 3). 导柱式：导柱导向保证冲裁间隙均匀，冲裁件的工件尺寸精度高，模具使用寿命长，安装方便，适于大批量生产。 4). 连续模：条料要求精确定位，使内孔与外形相互位置精度得到保证。生产率高，具有一定的冲裁精度，适于大批量生产。 5). 复合模：冲裁件的内外形相互位置精度高，适合于大批量生产。 模具分类方法很多，过去常使用的有： 按模具结构形式分类，如单工序模，复式冲模等； 按使用对象分类，如汽车覆盖件模具、电机模具等； 按加工材料性质分类，如金属制品用模具，非金属制用模具等； 按模具制造材料分类，如硬质合金模具等；按工艺性质分类，如拉深模、粉末冶金模、锻模等。 这些分类方法中，有些不能全面地反映各种模具的结构和成形加工工艺的特点，以及它们的使用功能。为此，采用以使用模具进行成形加工的 工艺性质和使用对象为主的综合分类方法，将模具分为十大类，见表各大类模具，又可根据模具结构、材料、使用功能以及制模方法等分为若干小类或品 3