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1、编号：099140141074本 科 毕 业 论 文题 目： 梭罗及其作品瓦尔登湖的生态解析 A Literary Interpretation of Walden from the Ecological PerspectiveSpecialty: English Direction: American LiteratureApplicant: Dong YuanyuanSupervisor: Lu GuorongSubmitted to College of Foreign Languages For the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsAt Inner Mongol
2、ia University for the Nationalities May 18, 2013内蒙古民族大学学士学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学士学位论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名：董媛媛日 期：2013 年 5 月18 日毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研
3、究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文
4、的部分或全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影
5、印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范
6、？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务
7、（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日内蒙古民族大学本科生毕业论文教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良
8、 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主
9、任： （签名）年 月 日致 谢本论文是在导师刘丹老师的悉心指导下完成的，导师严谨的治学态度、广博的专业知识、开阔的思路和强烈的敬业精神将使我终生受益，三年的学习生涯中，导师在科研、学习、生活方面，都给予我许多的帮助和无微不至的关怀。并且非常感谢导师为我提供了一个良好的实验与学习环境。特别感谢副院长卢国荣老师对本论文给予了很多帮助和指导。论文实施过程中，英美文学老师给了我支持和帮助，在此表示由衷的感谢。感谢四年来朝夕相处的同学计艳、李娜、包富平、杨海玲。求知共勉，你们给了我很大的信心和勇气。特别感谢在二十多年求学路上默默支持和辛勤付出的父母。摘 要在生态批评崛起和人们对研究梭罗以及其作品瓦尔登湖
10、给予更多关注的背景下，本文分析梭罗的生态关注，瓦尔登湖中的象征意义以及梭罗的幸福观等几个方面解析梭罗在瓦尔登湖中的自然观。梭罗强调自然的审美意义和精神意义，极力反对把自然的价值约减为实用和经济的价值，表达了在文明与荒野之间，人与自然之间保持平衡的理念。梭罗的瓦尔登湖既是一部不朽的文学作品，又是传播绿色观念和诗意栖居的教科书。关键词：梭罗 瓦尔登湖 生态批评 自然 幸福A Literary Interpretation of Walden from the Ecological Perspective Dong YuanyuanAbstractWith the rising of eco-cri
11、ticism, the world is paying more and more attention to Thoreau and his most famous work Walden. Against this background, my paper makes a literary interpretation and analysis of Thoreaus view on nature as reflected in his Walden. The paper mainly focuses on his ecological concerns, the symbolic impl
12、ications in Walden, and his sense of happiness. Thoreau resists the reduction of nature to its material and economic value and emphasizes the spiritual and aesthetic aspects of nature and urges a balance between civilization and wilderness, man and nature. Thoreaus Walden is not only a great literar
13、y works, but a pedagogical project that spreads “green” ideology and poetic living. Keywords: Thoreau Walden Eco-criticism Nature Happiness ContentsIntroduction11.Henry David Thoreaus ecological concern.31.1Thoreaus aesthetic view of nature.31.2Thoreaus awareness of ecology crisis and environmental
14、protection.52.Interpretation of symbols in Walden from the ecological perspective.72.1 The symbol of Walden Pond.72.2the symbol of bean-field:82.3The symbol of the French Canadian woodchopper.82.4Other symbols in Walden83.An interpretation of Thoreaus sense of happiness from the ecological view93.1
15、The simple life.93.2The happy-medium thought.113.3A discussion of Thoreaus real reason toward happiness.13 Conclusion14Notes.15Bibliography17A literary Interpretation of Walden from Ecological Perspective Dong YuanyuanIntroductionHenry David Thoreau (July12, 1817-May6, 1862) was an American author,
16、poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist and a leading transcendentalist. His most famous work Walden, or Life in the Woods published in 1845, it detailed Thoreaus experiences over the course of two years in a cabin he built near Walden pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph W
17、aldo Emerson1 1, near concord Massachusetts, simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreaus other goals, and the whole project was inspired by the transcendentalist philosophy2 2, a central theme of American romantic period. The experience gave Thoreau the chance to make keen observation on the wo
18、rld around him. The result became an American classic: Walden explores not only the soul of the searching Thoreau, but defines what it means to be a truly free person, and distills the essence of our relationship of nature.In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environment, Thoreaus Walde
19、n drew much peoples attention as a “green book”, and it was studied from the perspective of ecological view. It has been studied in 1990s, at the time when the global environment crisis was increasing severely. The history of eco-criticism3 3 is brief, but it has a fast and far-reaching influence on
20、 the study of literature and natural environment. In general, eco-criticism goes through three stages：the first stage mainly focuses on how the nature elements find full expression in literary works; the second stage emphasizes how the marginalized natures works make contribution to the development
21、and creation of American nature works; the third stage tries to establish a set of ecological poetic thinking, so that the ecological ideology improve the construction of eco-criticism theory. What it means to study Thoreaus Walden is that his works is a hot topic of the second stage. By studying Th
22、oreaus work, it will benefit the establishment of ecological poetic living and further ecological study. Scholars investigate many aspects of ecological things, such as the underlying ecological values and examine human perception of wilderness, how it has changed throughout history, and if or not c
23、urrent environmental problems are symbolized or even mentioned in popular culture and modern literature. William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term, Joseph Meckers The Comedy of Survival (1974) , proposed a version that environmental crisis was caused primarily by cultural tradi
24、tion in the west of separation of culture from nature, and elevation of the former to moral predominance. Such anthropocentrism was perhaps the main cause of the disorder of man and nature.However there is a problem among literary works studied from the eco-critical point of view. As Michael p. Cohe
25、n has observed, “If you want to be an eco-critic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized.” Thats what he calls its “praise song school” of criticism. All eco-critics shares an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are “nature endosing ” in
26、 response to the question what the eco-criticism is or should be , Henry Vogel makes the case that eco-criticism constitutes an “economic school of thought” as it engages audiences to debate problems of resource allocation that have no technical solution.Based on the previous research, this thesis i
27、s to give a literary interpretation of Walden from the ecological perspective, and discuss a sense of happiness reflected by Thoreau in his book Walden. What this thesis means is to arouse again peoples concern about nature and reflect their way of living style.1. Henry David Thoreaus ecological con
28、cern.Henry David Thoreau was an ardent observer of nature, and he served as a son and a protector. Perhaps his natural intelligence was much higher than his contemporaries. He enjoyed the beauty and primitive appearance of nature. The quiet lake, the green trees, the singing birds, the blowing windh
29、e could appreciate them like a poet. And for him, to stay a whole afternoon in nature is much worthwhile. At the same time, he felt worried about the nature pollution. The deforestation, the disappearing birds, and the spreading sands weighed much on his mind. He thus investigated and advocated to t
30、he protection of nature.1.1 Thoreaus aesthetic view of nature.Thoreau was ardent observer of nature, and he depicted nature so earnestly. In his works Walden, the landscape of the lake was beautiful and graceful, the forest was quiet and flourishing, the birds and the mice were lovely and friendly.
31、In a word, Thoreau was intoxicated in the beauty of nature, and at the same time his searching soul was being purified.In Walden he wrote, “A lake is the landscapes most beautiful and expressive feature. Its earths eye, looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature.” 4 He comp
32、ared the lake to the earths eye, it was evident that he loved the lake so much and he got the most important enlightenment from it .the aesthetics of nature had been appreciated by him since his childhood. His mother used to bring him to the woods in a sunny afternoon, they went hiking, held picnic
33、parties and listened to the songs of the birds. Therefore, Thoreau cultivated his love of nature from an early age. And at the age of four, he for the first time saw Walden which left him a deep impression; he wrote Seasons when he was ten yeas old, which describe the sceneries and changes of weathe
34、r, it was the earliest works of him.Nature for Thoreau, just as he observed in Walden “every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with nature herself.” 5 here to some extent, nature was the God. And Thoreau was a son of God, not only did he
35、appreciate the nature but also he admired her so much. He humbly showed his reverence for nature, and regarded her as a personified beauty.In the chapter The Ponds his observation brought him a great enlightenment. He put it in this way, “it is the same liquid joy and happiness to itself and its Mak
36、er, ay, and it may be to me. It is the work of a brave man surely, in whom there was no guile! He rounded this water with his hand, deepened and clarified in his thought, and in his will bequeathed it to concord. I see by its face that it is visited by the same reflection; and I can almost say, Wald
37、en, is it you? It is no dream of mine,To ornament a line;I cannot come nearer to God and HeavenThan I live to Walden even,I am its stony shore,And the breeze that passes oer;In the hollow of my hand,Are its water and its sand,And its deepest resort,Lie high in my thought” 6 Thoreau showed his deep i
38、nsight about Walden. For Thoreau , she was kind and generous And nature offered sunshine, wind, rain, summer and winter, and constantly provided us healthy and well-being. He believed that the voice of the cow at dusk far away was a sweet and well-rhymed song; and compared the owls songs as voices j
39、oining together in the night in mourning; he even interpreted the noisy of the frogs as songs sung by the ancient drinkers.1.2 Thoreaus awareness of ecology crisis and environmental protection.Thoreaus deep love and reverence of nature formed the basic of his environmental ethics and policies. When
40、he was boating on the river of his hometown, he was happy to see the landscape around the river being free of polluted. But he also aware that the disorder of ecology caused by human being. He was anger and felt pity when he saw the trees near the lake being cut down, and he first paddled a boat on
41、Walden, he found it was completely surrounded by thick and lofty pine and oak woods, and in some of its coves grapevines had run over the trees next the water and formed bowers under which a boat could pass, but since left those shores the woodchoppers have still further laid them waste, and now for
42、 many a year there will be no more rambling through the aisles of the wood, with occasional vistas through which you see the water. The Muse may be excused if she is silent henceforth. He asked how could he expect the birds to sing when their groves are cut down. We can sense the pity and indignatio
43、n of Thoreau between the lines.In the woods of Maine, when he saw hundreds of factories turned thousands of trees into furniture or tools, he thought the woodchoppers as busy devils.In concord, Thoreau found that the flourishing woods reduced into the uneven wasteland, and the sand spreads at an alarming speed, due to deforestation and destruction of grassland. And in a beach, the dead whales was lying everywhere. The local people earned their living by hunting whale. The fat part of the whale was used by them, the head of the whale was left on the beach. In consequence, the a