毕业论文(设计)-大气湍流中光传播的数值模拟09604.doc

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1、专业好文档大气湍流中光传播的数值模拟收稿日期: 2010年3月14日 收到修改稿日期:2010年 月 日基金项目:教育部科技重点项目(105164)通信作者: 马保科(1972),男,在读博士,副教授,主要从事随机介质中波传播方面的研究。Email: 马保科1,2, 郭立新1 吴振森1(1.西安电子科技大学,陕西西安 710071 2.西安工程大学,陕西西安 710048 )摘 要 光在大气湍流中传播时,受大气分子、气溶胶等粒子的相互作用,将发生光束扩展、漂移和相干性退化等大气湍流效应,这些因素严重影响了光波的远场特性。文章从大气湍流中光传播的理论研究入手,分析了如何构造较为合理的大气湍流相位

2、屏。进而采用McGlamery算法,对Kolmogorov谱下的大气湍流随机相位屏进行了数值模拟,并分析了光波从发射机经湍流大气传播到达接收机时的远场变化特性。研究表明,大气湍流的存在对光的远场传播质量造成很大的影响,研究结果也为大气湍流中与光传播相关的工程应用及自适应光学技术的完善提供了参考。关键词 大气湍流;McGlamery算法;相位屏模拟; 大气结构常数;中图分类号 TP391 文献标识码 A1 引言大气湍流是一个相当复杂的随机媒质系统,虽然物理学界对湍流的研究已经历了相当漫长的历史,但因涉及的因素千头万绪,其间的相互作用和关系也错综复杂,人们对其物理本质至今未能做到较为清楚的认识。因

3、此,光在大气湍流中传播问题的研究仍存在理论和实验上的挑战1,2。通常,当光在湍流大气中传播时,光束截面内包含着许多的大气漩涡,这些漩涡各自对照射到它的那一部分光束形成衍射作用,可导致光束的强度和相位随机变化,进而表现出光束扩展,大气闪烁和相位起伏等大气湍流效应,从而严重降低了接收机的接收效率。目前,突破大气湍流的影响仍是光在随机介质中传播所要解决的关键问题3。早在20世纪中期,苏联的Obukhov便采用Rytov平缓微扰法由实验反演湍流特征。在闪烁的饱和现象被发现之后,物理学界又将Markov近似引入求解光场的统计矩,研究大气湍流下的光场特性1。然而,在中等起伏条件下,目前仍没有找到很好的解析

4、处理方法。由于数值模拟能够从光的传播过程出发,较为清楚地反映出所涉及问题的物理本质,因而成为研究湍流效应的主要方法4。本文采用McGlamery算法5,对Kolmogorov谱下的大气随机相位屏进行了数值模拟,进而结合Huygens-Fresnel原理,模拟了在有无大气湍流的情况下,接收机处光场的变化特性。2 大气湍流中光的传播在折射率为的随机媒质中,一束波长,波数为()的单色波的电场由Maxwell波动方程来描述1,4 其中,(,且)为湍流折射率,式左端最后一项反映了偏振特性,当波长远小于湍流的内尺度()时,此项可以忽略不计,有 因而,电场的任一分量波动方程为 如果介质的非均匀尺度远大于波长

5、,可认为只存在前向小角度散射而无后向散射。对如图1沿方向的传播进行旁轴近似处理,并将光场写为,得 其中,为横向算符。式还可进一步化简为 其中,算子。如果折射率不随传播距离而变化(或变化较小),则式中忽略交换算子项,得到如下的广义抛物型方程 通常,算子不同的近似可得不同的抛粅型方程,而算子最简单的近似即为其Taylor展式 当湍流场的折射率满足时,式化简为 将式代入式得 或 式即为忽略后向散射而具有抛粅型近似的波动方程。如果仅考虑介质折射率起伏对场的作用,则它的右边只需保留与折射率有关的第二项,这时其解反映了在光的传播方向上由于积分光学路径所导致的相位调制,即 式中,如果折射率起伏引起的相位变化

6、足够小,则可将真空传播和介质相位调制看作是相互独立并同时完成的两个过程。这样,如图1可将连续随机介质分割为一系列厚度为的平行平板,位于平板前的光场根据式的真空解传播至平板的后面,然后被该平板引起的相位调制;这个场再经同样的真空传播和相位调制传播至下一个平板,依次形成最终的光场。也即将光在湍流介质中的传播等效为光在真空中通过一系列薄的相位屏后的传播。图1 随机介质中光传播的相位屏模型Fig .1 The phase screen model in the atmosphere turbulence 这样,通过第个相位屏后的光场由式得 其中,由于的随机特性,不可能利用解析的方法获得上式的解,而只能

7、利用数值方法。3 大气湍流随机相位屏的数值模拟湍流介质中光传播的特殊性就在于介质折射率是随机起伏的,数值模拟的一个关键也在于如何构造合理的相位屏,来正确反映介质折射率的变化特性,通常所构造的相位屏必须满足4,5:(1)、相位屏所代表的平板厚度应足够小,以确保其对场的振幅没有明显影响而只影响相位,即 其中,为湍流折射率起伏均方差。 (2)、光场的变化特性与相位屏的构造方法应无关,即平板厚度应大于湍流介质非均匀元尺度,即 这里,为湍流外尺度。 (3)要使光在平板内的传播满足几何光学近似,则Fresnel尺度应小于湍流内尺度,即 目前,大气湍流随机相位屏的模拟方法较多6。这里主要利用McGlamer

8、y算法来模拟大气湍流相位屏,算法步骤如下:1)生成二维具有高斯分布的复随机数矩阵。2)根据大气折射率功率谱函数,生成二维的功率谱密度函数矩阵 。3) 将功率谱密度函数矩阵求算术根再乘以复随机数矩阵,得到一个相位均匀分布在,振幅受功率谱密度函数调制的复随机数矩阵,即 4)对矩阵进行逆Fourier变换得到其空间域形式,即 5)将矩阵分解为实部和虚部。这样,每一部分均独立代表一种随机的大气湍流相位屏, 在模拟相位屏时,相关参数的选择为4,5:网格间距或,屏间距,网格长度或(为发射机孔径尺寸)。图2 模拟生成的大气湍流相位屏 图3 相位结构函数的理论与模拟值比较 (Fig.2 The simulan

9、t atmosphere turbulent phase screen, Fig.3 Compare the simulant and the theoretical value of the phase structure function )图2是利用McGlamery算法模拟生成的Kolmogorov谱下的大气湍流相位屏,由于通常单层相位屏上相位分布的重复性较高,这里我们采用了多屏叠加的思路来尽量减小相位的重复性7。模拟屏上的相位结构函数定义为 其中,表示相位屏上处的相位,为屏上的网格数。同时,与Kolmogorov大气湍流功率谱相对应的相位结构函数理论值为2 通常,大气湍流的统计特性可

10、以用相位结构函数来描述,因此,可以将相位结构函数作为验证模拟的相位屏正确与否的判断标准。图3比较了相位结构函数的理论值与模拟值。其中,湍流的内、外尺度分别为米和米,大气相干长度。可见,在垂直于传播方向的平面内横向距离米(即)的范围内,相位结构函数的理论值与Kolmogorov谱下的模拟值吻合较好,但当时,两者相差较大。因此,在湍流谱及上述参数选定的情况下,为了达到模拟大气湍流的准确性和避免大尺度湍流起伏所带来的误差,相位屏的尺寸最好选为大小。4 大气湍流下传播光场的数值模拟图4 发射机平面上的模拟光斑 Fig.4 The stimulant facula on the transmitter

11、plane结合上述Kolmogorov谱下模拟生成的相位屏以及利用Huygens-Fresnel原理,下面就光在大气湍流中水平传播到达接收机处的光场进行数值模拟。这里,相关参数的选择为:发射光波为的平面波,发射孔径为的方形孔径,传播距离约10, 湍流的内、外尺度分别为1和10,传播路径上分布40个相位屏, 垂直于传播方向的平面被分成了100100个小网格, 网格宽度选择为湍流的内尺度大小。图5 无湍流时接收机平面上的模拟光斑图 6 无湍流时接收机平面上光场的振幅模拟(Fig.5 The stimulant facula on the receiver plane(no turbulence),

12、 Fig.6 The stimulant amplitude on the receiver plane(no turbulence)图7 有湍流时接收机平面上的模拟光斑 图8 有湍流时接收机平面上光场的振幅模拟(Fig.7 The stimulant facula on the receiver plane(have turbulence), Fig.8 The stimulant amplitude on the receiver plane(have turbulence)图5-图8分别模拟给出了光波从处的矩形发射孔径经大气湍流传播到达处的接收机时,光场的分布变化。为了能做到比较研究,图

13、4也给出了发射机平面上的光斑分布。从图5,图6可以看出,当传播路径上无大气湍流存在时,接收机平面上的光斑形状和发射光斑较为相似,能量也是集中分布在光轴上,光斑较为明亮清晰,不同的只是由于衍射作用的存在,致使光斑在垂直于光轴的平面内发生了一定的衍射扩展,有衍射旁瓣存在,且旁瓣呈十字形对称分布,离光轴越远亮度越小。其场强的空间分布表现为准正态的分布形式,光轴上主峰能量分布集中,锐度较大,由于衍射的作用使得能量的分布呈现为多峰分布。图7,图8是在光传播路径上引入了Kolmogorov大气湍流后的场分布。模拟表明:接收机平面上的光场同无大气湍流时的图5,图6相比,图像的光学品质很差,由于大气湍流的存在

14、而导致光斑主瓣在扩张的同时变得较为模糊,亮度下降,光斑出现了漂移,且与光轴不再表现为严格的十字形对称分布;同时,主瓣的周围出现了许多大小不一,亮度不同且无规律的旁瓣分布,这是由于大气湍流的存在而导致光斑出现了破碎。与图6相比,图8中场的主能量仍为准正态分布但幅度减小,能量重心偏移,主能量峰亦集中了最多的能量,在主峰周围,能量又呈现出强弱不一的多峰空间分布,但同图6相比多峰的锐度均变小,可见其与单纯受衍射作用的光场截然不同8-13,15,16。5结束语当光在湍流大气中传播时,受大气分子、气溶胶等粒子的相互作用而导致发射光束的光学特性发生改变,从而严重制约了与光在大气湍流中传播有关的许多工程应用的

15、发展。目前,在中等和强起伏区, 理论和实验都没有能够很好地解决上述问题,这为模拟研究提供了一定的必要性。文章采用McGlamery算法,对Kolmogorov谱下的大气湍流随机相位屏进行了数值模拟,进而在模拟相位屏的基础上,分析了从方形孔径发射的平面波经湍流大气传播到达接收机时的光场变化。研究表明,大气湍流的存在严重影响了光波的远场聚焦特性,对光的传播质量造成很大的影响。模拟分析为大气湍流情况下的光通信以及自适应光学技术的发展提供了参考。参考文献:1 Ishimaru, Akira, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random MediaM, Volum

16、e 2, Academic Press, New York, 1978.2 Andrews, L C., Laser Beam Propagation Through Random MediaM, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Washington, 1998.3 饶瑞中,激光大气闪烁统计特征的研究进展J ,光电子技术与信息,2000,13(5):12-17.(Rao Ruizhong, Research progress on Laser Atmospheric scintillation Statistica

17、l Characteristics, Opto-Electronic technique and massage , 2000,13(5):12-17.)4 饶瑞中,光在湍流大气中的传播M,合肥,安徽科学技术出版社,2005:24-112.(Rao ruizhong, Light propagation in the turbulent atmosphereM,Hefei, Anhui Science and Technology Press. 2005:24-112.)5 Benjamin L.McGlamery. Computer simulation studies of compens

18、ation of turbulence degraded imagesJ. SPIE,1976,74: 225-233.6 Roddier N. Atmospheric wavefront simulation using Zernike polynomialsJ. Opt. Eng., 1990,29:1174-1179.7 王立瑾,李强,魏宏刚等,大气湍流随机相位屏的数值模拟和验证J,光电工程,2007,34(3):1-4.(WANG Li-jin, LI Qiang, WEI Hong-gang, Numerical simulation and validation of phase

19、screen distorted by atmospheric turbulenceJ , Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2007,34(3): 1-4.)8 Jakobson H, Simulation of time series of atmospherically distorted waves frontsJ, Appl. Opt.,1996, 35: 1561-1564.9 Coles W A, Filice J P, Frehlich R G ,Simulation of wave propagation in three-dimensions med

20、iaJ. Appl. Opt.,1995, 34: 2089-2100.10 Flatte S M, Martin J M, Intensity images and statistics from numerical simulation of wave propagation in 3-D random mediaJ , Appl. Opt.,1988, 27(11): 2111-2124.11 Frehlich R. Simulation of laser beam in a turbulent atmosphereJ, Appl. Opt.,2000,39: 393-397.12 Kn

21、epp D L. Multiple phase-screen calculation of the temporal behavior of stochastic waves J, Proc. IEEE,1983,71:722-73713 饶瑞中,王世鹏,刘晓春,被湍流大气退化的激光光斑,尺度测量与形变特征描述J,光学学报,1998,18(4):451-456.(Rao Ruizhong, Wang Shipeng, Liu Xiaochun, Atmospheric Turbulence-Degraded Light Intensity Images: Size Measurement an

22、d Description of Deformation Character isticsJ,ACTC OPTICAL SNICA, 1998,18(4):451-456.)14 胥杰,赵尚弘,侯睿等,强激光大气传输的远场光束亮度仿真研究J,光学技术,2008,34(2):233-235.(XU Jie, ZHAO Shanghong, HOU Rui, Simulation research on the far field beam irradiance of high energy laser through atmospheric propagation, OPTICAL,TECHNI

23、QUE, 2008,34(2):233-235.)15 吴晗平,激光光束质量的评价与应用分析J,光学精密工程,2000,8(2):130-132.(WU Hanping, Evaluation and applied analysis of laser beam qualityJ,Optical and precision engineering, 2000,8(2):130-132.)16 杨连臣,沈忙作,郭永洪. 天体目标斑点成像的模拟J. 光子学报,2000,29(12):1108-1111.)(YANG Lian-chen,SHEN Mang-zuo,GUO Yong-hong. Th

24、e Speckle Imaing Simulation of Space ObjectsJ. ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA,2000,29(12):1108-1111.)Simulation the Light Beam Propagation Through the Atmospheric Turbulence Ma Bao-Ke1,2 Guo Li-Xin1 Wu Zhen-Sen1(1.School of Science , Xidian University, Xian, 710071, China. 2. School of Science , XIan Polytec

25、hnic University,Xian,710048 ,China. )Abstract: When light propagates in the atmospheric turbulence, due to interaction of the atmospheric molecules, aerosols and the other particles, it well experience the atmospheric turbulence effects of the beam spread, drift, and the coherence degradation and so

26、 on, these factors seriously affect the far-field characteristics of the light. Based on the theory of the light propagates in the atmospheric turbulence, this article analyzed how to construct a more reasonable phase screen. And by using the McGlamery algorithm, the atmospheric turbulence phase scr

27、een under the Kolmogorov power spectrum was simulated. And then, the far-field characteristics of the light which propagates from the transmitter reach to the receiver plane through the atmospheric turbulence was detailedly analyzed. The studies shows that the presence of the atmospheric turbulence

28、can bring a great affect on the optical quality, and the research results also provided a reference for the projects which relate on the light propagation in the atmospheric turbulence and the development of adaptive optics technology.Keywords: Atmosphere turbulence; McGlamery algorithm; phase scree

29、n simulation; atmosphere turbulent structure constant作者简介:马保科(1972-),男,宁夏人,西安工程大学理学院副教授,西安电子科技大学无线电物理专业在读博士。Email: 郭立新(1968-),男,出生于陕西省西安市,现为西安电子科技大学理学院教授,博士生导师,享受政府特贴的专家。Email : 吴振森(1946),男,出生于湖北沙市,西安电子科技大学理学院教授,博士生导师,享受政府特贴的专家,美国纽约科学院成员,IEEE高级成员。Email : 文章主要创新点如下:1). 对于大气湍流下的光传输研究,在中等强度的起伏区, 目前理论上仍

30、未获得较有价值的结果,因而本文的模拟研究是必要的。2). 分析推导了在大气湍流折射率起伏的情况下,空间光场的变化特点。3). 分析了怎样构造较为合理的大气湍流相位屏。4). 采用McGlamery算法,结合Huygens-Fresnel原理,模拟生成了Kolmogorov谱下的大气湍流相位屏,并分析了其有效性尺寸。5). 利用生成的Kolmogorov大气湍流相位屏,模拟比较了在有无大气湍流两种情况下,光从发射机孔径经湍流大气传播到达接收机时的光场变化。6). 模拟结果为大气湍流情况下的光学工程应用及自适应光学技术的完善提供了一定的参考。Editors note: Judson Jones i

31、s a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space

32、 hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug o

33、n the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im

34、 anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up

35、 there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch

36、.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will

37、 never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I k

38、new it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the dis

39、appointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with c

40、apsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometer

41、s) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assum

42、e, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool.

43、It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. Bu

44、t this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5

45、,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a sp

46、eed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there i

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