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1、南京视觉艺术职业学院毕业设计（论文）题 目： 仿古灯箱设计 院 （系）： 设计系 专 业： 室内设计 学 号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 职 称： 二O一 五 年 十月 月 十三 日摘要 该项目是一盏新中式仿古的壁灯，灯在中国人心目中具有特殊的意义和神圣的地位。中国的传统灯具设计受整个社会文化氛围、观念形态、宗教信仰、风俗习惯的影响，也呈现出独特的文化特质和艺术魅力。灯在现代住宅中是必不可少的一种照明设施，在这个项目上，我参考了一些其它设计的新中式仿古灯的图片，从中汲取了一些古典元素加以利用。 这个项目的壁灯采用镂空雕刻而成，灯的材质为木艺，灯罩由羊皮纸裁剪而成，灯源为led灯条。【关键词】 新
2、中式 仿古 灯 壁灯【Message digest】 The project is a new Chinese style antique wall lamp, a lamp lights in the Chinese mind has special significance and sacred status.Chinese traditional lamps and lanterns design by the entire social culture, ideology, religion, customs and habits, and present a unique cultu
3、ral traits and artistic charm.Light is one of the indispensable in modern residential lighting facilities, on this project, I consulted some pictures of other design of new Chinese style antique lamp, learned some classical elements. The carved wall lamp USES the hollow out of the project, the mater
4、ial of lamp for woodwork, chimney composed of parchment paper cutting, light source for led lights. 【Keywords】 Neo-Chinese Style archaize lampe wall lamp【目录】前言-3 正文-41. 设计构思-42. 灵感来源-43. 壁灯解析-44. 设计策划-5【前言】（图 1） 来源于百度 灯是我生活中接触很多，却从未在意的一种设施，灯嘛，我认为只要可以照明就好了，但后来学了灯的种类，开始慢慢了解灯其实也是一个很有创意和想法的实施方向。 灯在中国古代以
5、灯笼的形式出现，在历史学家的考证中，证明中国的灯笼是世界上最早发明的便携照明工具。作为中华儿女的我们，应该更加热爱我们的文化。对于祖国文明更加珍惜爱护，保护传统文化的精髓并使之方扬光大。现代社会中人们基本上不需要用灯笼来照明了，但灯笼的特殊地位依然不减。每逢佳节、婚礼庆典这样的喜庆日子，灯笼依然是首选。而现在的灯笼从工艺上有了极大的改进，设计上更具装饰意味，使用的场合也有很大的发展，比如广告。 灯从“华灯初现”的战国、秦朝发展到“烛灯齐放，富灯独尊”的明清时期，然后直到爱迪生发明了电灯，才使得人们摆脱了使用油灯、蜡烛来照明。 这个项目的设计元素来源于古代窗花造型的启发，但窗花的雕刻工艺过于复杂
6、，这个项目就选取了一些比较简单的元素融入进去，营造一种简洁大方，又古典的感觉。 【正文】1. 设计构思 该项目基本采用了木艺，加以中式镂空的雕饰为主。这个项目的设计元素来源于古代窗花雕饰的启发，但是窗花的雕刻工艺过于复杂，这个项目就选取了一些比较简单的元素融入进去。这是一个新中式的壁灯，壁灯的灯罩采用羊皮纸为主材，灯为节能的LED灯条，很好的节约了电能。2. 灵感来源 想到这个创意还得来源于一条广告，那是央视的一则公益广告，一个在街角摆摊的老爷爷给一个下晚班的女孩照亮的公益广告。回想那个广告，其实就是一盏灯温暖了一个人的回家路。由此让我有一个想设计一盏灯放在那个巷子里的冲动。3. 壁灯解析 壁
7、灯是安装在室内墙壁上的辅助照明装饰灯具，一般多配用乳白色的玻璃灯罩。灯泡功率多在15-40瓦左右，光线淡雅和谐，可把环境点缀得优雅、富丽，尤以新婚居室特别适合。壁灯的种类和样式较多，一般常见的吸顶灯、变色壁灯、床头壁灯、镜前壁灯等。 壁灯多装于阳台、楼梯、走廊过道以及卧室、适宜作长明灯；变色壁灯多用于节日、喜庆之时采用；床头壁灯大多数都是装在床头的左上方，灯头可万向转动，光束集中，便于阅读；镜前壁灯多装饰在盥洗间镜子附近使用。壁灯安装高度应略超过视平线1.8米高左右。壁灯的照明度不宜过大，这样更富有艺术感染力，壁灯灯罩的选择应根据墙色而定，白色或奶黄色的墙，宜用浅绿、淡蓝的灯罩，湖绿和天蓝色的
8、墙，宜用乳白色、淡黄色、茶色的灯罩，这样，在大面积一色的底色墙布，点缀上一只显目的壁灯，给人以幽雅清新之感。连接壁灯的电线要选用浅色，便于涂上与墙色一致的涂料，以保持墙面的整洁。另外，可先在墙上挖一条正好嵌入电线的小槽，把电线嵌入，用石灰填平，再涂上与墙色相同的涂料。4.设计策划 这个灯在设计之初的时候就有了一个大概的材料概括，然后参考了一些其它样式的壁灯，去繁取简的从其它灯上面搜罗一些简单的元素设计而成。 这个灯用的是羊皮纸的灯罩，有人会说为什么不用亚克力的呢，照的多亮啊，我之所以没有用亚克力的主要是想营造出一种温馨的感觉，暖色调的灯光最容易让人有这种感觉了。而羊皮纸正好充分的发挥了这个有点
9、，暗黄色的羊皮纸作为灯罩，灯亮的时候呈现暖色的灯光，有家的温暖。 其次，这个壁灯的光源采用的是LED灯条为光源，主要是因为LED寿命长，还具有稳定性和适用性，而且LED消耗能量较同光效的白炽灯减少80%，也对环境无有害金属汞的污染。 5. 壁灯的设计特色5.1仿羊皮纸 壁灯的灯罩是用仿羊皮纸做成的，羊皮纸羊皮纸羊皮纸又称工业羊皮纸,是制作书本或提供书写的一种材料。仿羊皮纸外观与植物羊皮纸相似，但生产方法和使用性能完全不同。产品的紧度大，纤维水化程度较高，纤维结合较好，具有较高的透明度和较低的孔隙度，相当高的抗油性。使用长纤维未漂、半漂或全漂化学木浆，经过高黏状打浆，适当地切断和良好的细纤维化之
10、后，最后送往造纸机抄造而成。主要用于工业和食品及杂货行业作防油纸。亦可用于制作贺年卡等。一种利用木浆经过延长打浆时间抄造的纸张，具有一定的强度、透明性好、能耐油等性质。如经过很好的轧光，则属于高光泽仿羊皮纸。 5.2 LED灯条毕业设计（论文）任务书 题目仿古灯设计学生姓名院（系）名称设计系专业班级13室内设计课题类型自拟课题意义照明设计工程是一门综合学科门类的应用工程，它涉及电工学、光学、环境科学、生物学和照明艺术等。专业照明设计还涉及各专业领域的知识，如道路照明涉及交通科学、体育场馆照明涉及运动科学等，可见照明设计十分复杂。因为复杂，所以照明工程设计的效果在实施之前很难量化，有时侯工程完成
11、之后才发现不满意。要解决好上述问题，应加强专业照明设计队伍的业务建设，提高照明设计质量意识。因此要求照明设计工作者不仅要掌握照明设计的理论，还要了解国内外有关照明技术的新动态。任务与进度要求1. 查阅相关文献资料，了解装饰灯具的设计史。2. 完成开题报告。要求符合开题报告撰写规范。3. 根据设计需求，确定调光电源的技术方案，要求阐述方案工作原理；4. 仿真或者实物制作所设计的调光电源。要求达到基本技术指标。5. 撰写毕业设计（论文）说明书。要求符合毕业设计说明书撰写规范。主要参考文献1 远古时期灯具的雏形2 词源学“灯”3 奴隶社会的灯具 4 封建社会的灯具5 文艺复兴时期的灯具6 近代的灯具
12、起止日期2015.10.17-2015.12.30备注院（系）主任 教研室主任 指导教师 南京视觉艺术职业学院毕业设计开题报告表 2015年 10 月 13日姓名院（系）设计系专业室内设计班级四班题目仿古灯设计指导教师张凯1、 与本课题有关的国内外（设计或研究）情况、课题（设计或研究）的主要内容、目的和意义、特色与创新：国内外（设计或研究）情况： 照明设计作为电气设计的一部分，在国外是有自己专门的专业设计者的。当然，除了照明水平达到电气设计的要求外，也同时注重了体现照明在艺术方面的效果。照明设计课程即使在国际上也是很新兴的方向，在国内无论是人才还是师资还是相当匮乏的，就连香港拥有香港大学这样一
13、流的学校都没有相关的专业和教师。专业的照明设计目前只有复旦大学有这个课程，同济大学目前的照明设计课程主要设立在建筑学专业方向。课题（设计或研究）的主要内容：从市场需求出发，调查并分析传统家具在造型、功能方面的缺憾，进行创意设计。通过研究相关文献资料，提炼情趣化的设计元素，融入家居设计，并保证产品创新独特，使用舒适研究的目的及意义：第一：是为了照明，第二是为了美观，好的灯具一方面可以陶冶心情，一方面可以为环境创建更好的美观效果，让人心情舒畅。照明设计工程是一门综合学科门类的应用工程，它涉及电工学、光学、环境科学、生物学和照明艺术等。专业照明设计还涉及各专业领域的知识，如道路照明涉及交通科学、体育
14、场馆照明涉及运动科学等，可见照明设计十分复杂。因为复杂，所以照明工程设计的效果在实施之前很难量化，有时侯工程完成之后才发现不满意。要解决好上述问题，应加强专业照明设计队伍的业务建设，提高照明设计质量意识。因此要求照明设计工作者不仅要掌握照明设计的理论，还要了解国内外有关照明技术的新动态。特色与创新：设计的精髓是以人为本，在灯具的造型设计当中，应具有造型设计的特征和要素，遵循造型设计的原理，这样才能使灯具在外观上更符合社会的需求和满足人们的心理需要。创新是设计的灵魂，它将为灯具带来新的生命力二、进度及预期结果：起止日期主要内容预期结果2015.10.62015.10.162015.10.17-2
15、015.10.232015.11.10-2015.11.151.选题，确定指导老师，开题2.搜集相关资料3.完成设计及确定完整设计方案完成完成完成完成课题的现有条件设计趋势调查、市场研究、资料收集分析。设计方案的科学评估，制造工艺流程的详细了解。运用平面表现、电脑三维模拟表现、模型样品现实表现的方法来完成家具设计。审查意见指导教师： 年 月 日院（系）意见主管领导： 年 月 日请删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！The origin of taxation in the United States can be traced to the time when the colonists were
16、heavily taxed by Great Britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the Stamp Tax. The colonists disdain for this taxation without representation (so-called because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the B
17、oston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Income tax first appeared in the Unite
18、d States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flat-rate income tax was imposed in 1867. The income tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Income tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough s
19、upport two years later that Congress passed the Income Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual incomes in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the const
20、itutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers loan & trust, 158 U.S. 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 1895). After many years of debate and compromise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress w
21、ith the power to lay and collect taxes on income without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the income tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the U.S. income tax system has become very complex. In 1913 the income tax laws were cont
22、ained in eighteen pages of legislation; the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99-514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s
23、 that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, com
24、pared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a perman
25、ent part of our revenue structure. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable income, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business. Ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and
26、the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. Consequently, the Revenue Act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (Revenue Acts, June 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253). In 1926 the rate w
27、as further reduced to 25 percent. The Revenue Act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the Great Depression (Revenue Acts, June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169). It increased the individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single per
28、sons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. The national industrial recovery act of 1933 (NIRA), part of President franklin d. roosevelts new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for
29、 losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the em
30、ployee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent,
31、the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Income Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The post-World War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, red
32、uced it to 84.4 percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were
33、 beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement income, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 19
34、62, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement income security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93-406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA require
35、d that to be tax deductible, the employers plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. ERISA also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) to encourage tax-deferred retirement savings by individuals. The Econom
36、ic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (Pub. L. No. 97-34, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172). The most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This bill
37、 was signed into law by President ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. Conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. Although this single, flat rate was no
38、t included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of income for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining income. Many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to two-income married couples that had been use
39、d to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their income tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). Although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. I
40、n addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by President john f. kennedy. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the Clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and pas
41、sed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. This law provided for income tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and 39.6 percent on varying levels of income and for the taxation of social security income if the taxpayer receives other income over a certain level. In 2001 Congress enacted a major inco
42、me tax cut at the urging of President george w. bush. Over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal income tax rates across all levels of income. The 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. In addition, a new bottom
43、10 percent rate was created. Since the early 1980s, a flat-rate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (The graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable i
44、ncome.) The flat-rate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all income and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. Despite firm support by some, the flat-rate tax has not been adopted in the United States. Regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913,
45、the basic formula for computing the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. To determine the amount of income tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individuals gross income to arrive at an adjusted gross income, from which additional deductions are taken to arrive at the taxable income. Once the amoun