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1、专业好文档浅议长轴型发电设备备件储运技术方案张臣刚1，申世杰2，丁毅3（1作者单位：中科华核电技术研究院有限公司电站工程改造研究中心，地址：广东深圳岭澳核电站LBA楼,邮编： 518124；2作者单位：中国二重德阳万路运业有限公司，地址：四川省德阳市珠江西路460号，邮编：618000；3作者单位：中国核动力研究院，地址：成都市二环路南四段，邮编：610000）摘 要： 本文通过介绍某电站运输和存放发电机备用转子的情况，对长轴型设备或部件在没有起吊吊车的厂房内运输存放的详细技术方案进行了分析说明，推荐的技术方案需要的费用低，安全可靠，可以广为借鉴和参考。关键词： 长轴型/大型设备/发电机转子/
2、存放/运输/技术方案Preliminary dicussion about transport and storage technical scheme forlong-shaft type heavy equipment Zhang Chengang(Engineering Modification Center, China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd. address: LBA building, Lingao Nuclear Power site, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R.China
3、, 518124)Abstract: By introduction of the transport and storage for the spare generator rotor of a power station，this paper mainly analyzed and introduced the detail technical scheme for long-shaft type heavy equipment to be store in building without lifting capacity. The recommended technical schem
4、e is cost effective and safe and can be use for reference.Key words： Long-shaft type/heavy equipment/transport/storage/technical scheme1. 引言近年来，我国国民经济的快速发展加大了对电力的需求，也对大型电站的可靠运转和快速维护提出了更高的要求。为此，大型电站通常备有常用关键部件，大型电机设备备件的尺寸和重量也比较大。在某电站，为发电机新备了一个备用转子，该备用转子连包装重达110吨，整体包装外形尺寸：15m2m2m，是典型的长轴型重件，如果安排将该重件长期存放
5、在汽轮机厂房，显然不利于厂房的长期管理。而该电站所有仓库和检修加工厂房都没有能够吊运该转子的吊车，如果为了存放该转子备件进行厂房改建和新建厂房，将会带来非常大的土建费用、吊车设备的费用和吊车设备维护费用，显然是不经济的。如何既能够保证发电机转子的长期存放和装卸货的安全，又能够降低费用？如果只考虑利用厂房起吊设备或大型吊车，很难有技术方案同时满足以上要求，本文在成功实践的基础上，对解决以上问题提出了独特的技术方案并进行了分析和说明。同时本文通过对最终采用的技术方案进行总结，提出完整的技术方案供业界借鉴和参考。2. 发电机转子运输设计方案发电机备用转子连包装重达110吨，整体包装外形尺寸：15m2
6、m2m，是典型的长轴型重件。要求发电机转子整体包装在设备码头到货后需要立即运送到指定厂房存放，该厂房不具备起吊该设备的起重设备，从设备码头到存放地点通过大型平板拖车运输。为了进行发电机备用转子运输和存放，由于厂房不具备起吊条件，在技术方案分析早期，主要考虑了以下几个技术方案：方案1：采用特制轨道小车装发电机转子整体包装，轨道小车靠绞车牵引，在厂房外利用大型汽车吊配合装卸到轨道小车上。该方案本质是利用大型汽车吊解决厂房不具备起吊能力的问题。方案2：大型拖车拖着发电机转子整体包装倒车进入存放区域，就位后在拖车旁边放一大型钢架平台，利用特制侧推油压千斤顶将该整体包装从拖车上顶到存放钢架平台上。该方案
7、本质是利用侧推油压千斤顶解决厂房不具备起吊能力的问题。方案3： 在厂房内安装4个液压柱，拖车倒车进入，通过液压柱升降升高和降低发电机整体包装从而达到装卸货的目的。该方案本质是利用升降式液压柱解决厂房不具备起吊能力的问题。但在方案论证过程中，出于经济性和操作可行性方面的考虑，以上3个方案最终都都不是最终采用的技术方案没有被采用，在方案论证过程中。，最终采用的技术方案充分利用了一个最容易被忽略的技术关键点，那就是大型平板拖车车板具有可以依靠自身的液压系统升降的特点。所以，最终采用的方案是：方案4：利用两个钢架平台、垫梁和拖车车板配合完成装卸车的工作。该方案本质是利用拖车车板自身的液压系统升降发电机
8、转子整体包装解决厂房不具备起吊能力的问题。3. 图解终选技术方案该技术方案需要在实施运输存放之前预制6根垫梁（垫梁长度均为4.5m），2个钢架平台（两个钢架平台长7.3m、宽0.6m、高1m），两个钢架平台间的间距为3.9m及辅助支垫锁固件。发电机转子整体包装在设备码头到货后利用卸货到大型平板拖车上的时候，将4根预制好的垫梁安放到发电机转子整体包装的下面，并利用拖车车板自身可以升降的技术特性，调整拖车车板使其离地面高度1100mm 以上，然后大型平板拖车将整体包装拖运到存放厂房。31 卸车俯视图解状态1：大型拖车载着发电机整体包装倒车到存放区前，拖车车板宽3.4m，距离地面1100mm以上，在
9、存放区先按照存放位置要求安放好一个钢架平台的位置，见图1。图1状态2：大型拖车载着发电机整体包装倒车进入存放区，要确保4根垫梁位置都处于设计标记的位置，并且使拖车车板与钢架平台间距为25公分，如果不能够一次到位，可以通过拖车前进后退进行调整，见图2。图2状态3：停稳大型平板拖车，将另外一个预制好的钢架平台安放到位，两个钢架平台的位置对称，将钢架平台与地面进行锁固，缓慢降低拖车车板高度，发电机整体包装和垫梁也缓慢下降直到4根垫梁完全被钢架平台支撑，钢架平台高1000mm，继续降低拖车车板直到距离地面900mm以下，见图3。图3状态4：大型平板拖车开出发电机转子存放区，见图4。图4状态5：在发电机
10、整体包装前后两端增加辅助支撑的垫梁，对所有6根垫梁进行辅助支垫，见图5。图53.2 卸车侧视图详解状态1：大型拖车载着发电机转子和垫梁到存放区之前，拖车车板距离地面1100mm以上，一个钢架平台已经在存放区就位，钢架平台高1000mm，拖车车板与钢架平台的高度差是考虑安全操作需要，见图6。图6状态2： 拖车倒车进入存放区，就位好后将另外一个钢架平台安放好，见图7。图7状态3： 调整拖车车板的高度，当拖车车板下降到与钢架平台齐平的时候再继续下降，发电机转子整体包装载荷将通过4根垫梁转移到两个钢架平台上。图8状态4：继续降低拖车车板高度到距离地面900mm以下使拖车车板和垫梁间距达到100mm以上
11、，该间距的选择主要是考虑到安全操作的需要，见图9。图9状态5：拖车开出存放区，在发电机转子整体包装两端增加安装两根垫梁，利用预制好的辅助件对垫梁进行支垫，见图10。图103.3 装车操作参考卸车操作，反向操作即可完成装车工作。4终选方案补充说明4.1 强度分析采用终选的方案首先要保证专用垫梁和钢架平台的结构设计和强度满足设计要求，在设计过程中需要重点关注垫梁与钢架平台接触位置的局部最大应力，如果不能直接满足设计要求，需要采用局部补强措施。发电机转子整体包装的设计存放状态是平放到支撑面上，本技术方案实际采用的是将整体包装通过4根平放的垫梁来支撑的方案，已经改变了原设计的存放状态，所以必须要对整体
12、包装进行强度评价。发电机转子整体是通过4根枕木支撑到运输托架上，转子与运输托架一起构成了整体包装，所以对整体包装的评价内容主要是对运输托架强度和形变进行校核计算，托架影响到转子的形变提供给设备供应商评价确认。经评价，运输托架强度满足设计要求。4.2 辅助支垫辅助支垫的目的是为了更加牢靠地支撑，在强度分析计算中考虑的是最不利的条件，没有将辅助支垫列入计算内容，辅助支垫由工字钢和锲铁搭配支撑牢固并锲紧。5 长轴型重件运输存放技术准备内容长轴型重件主要是指类似发电机转子的大型转动设备的转子、大型卧式和立式压力容器（包括热交换器）、行车主梁，主管段，卧式和立式机电设备等。本文推荐的技术方案适用于可以采
13、用大型平板拖车运进和运出存放区，而且存放区不具备起吊这些大型部件或设备的能力的情况。进行技术准备的主要内容包括： 确定整体包装重量和尺寸，确定存放区进出限制条件，比如大门宽度、存放区域尺寸，大门与存放区的距离。 确定长轴型重件整体包装可以利用的支撑点及需要采用的垫梁的数量，垫梁需要分担的载荷。 长轴型重件整体包装的强度校核，形变提交供货商确认。 垫梁和钢架平台设计及预制，辅助支撑件选型和预制。 对长轴型重件实施运进存放区的操作和存放，步骤参考上文叙述。 在需要将重件运出存放区的时候，按照卸车步骤反向操作。6 结束语本文以某电站发电机转子运输存放方案为例，对长轴型重件的储运过程进行了详细的说明。
14、 技术人员通过对大型拖车技术工作特性进行调研，充分利用了拖车车板可以利用自身液压系统进行升降的特点，创新性地提出了一种运输存放技术方案，该方案与其他技术方案相比，费用低，安全可靠，并且具有很好的可操作性。该运输存放方案目前已经成功实施。本技术方案不仅可以对长轴型重件储运作为参考和借鉴，对其他重件的储运也具有很好借鉴意义。本文提出的创新技术关键点就是要充分利用拖车车板的可升降性特点，配合预制的传力受力部件进行储运操作。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelan
15、ced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik.
16、 I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized sp
17、ace race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a cran
18、e in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work
19、glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a jo
20、urnalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pai
21、n when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic
22、skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could
23、happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmo
24、sphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer
25、 (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympi
26、c diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver pre
27、ps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes to
28、o fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute success
29、fully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute
30、is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this._收稿日期： ；修回日期： 作者简介：张臣刚，男，籍贯：重庆，高级工程师，大学本科学历，主要从事电站工程改造技术工作；申世杰，男，籍贯：山东武城，高级工程师，大学本科学历；丁毅，男，工程师，大学本科学历；