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1、Chapter 8,Grammar, Authorial voice and Tone in Research Paper,Points to learn in this lesson, Tenses in writing research paper Verb voice in writing research paper Authorial voice in writing research paper Tone in writing research paper,8.1 Tense,When we talk about grammar, we cannot but take verb t
2、ense into consideration. Tenses used in the research paper are mainly connected with past and present ones. You move back and forth between the two. But you must decide about which to use according to certain scientific ethics and established conventions.,We shall discuss tense from the following as
3、pects 1. Tense used in applied-science study 2. Tense used in describing literature 3. Tense used in discussing theory or philosophy 4. Tense used in reporting research results 5. Tense used in writing a literary review,8.1.1 Tense used in applied-science study,When you report a scientific achieveme
4、nt or quote a quotation from your source material, you should following some rules. “According to the scientific ethics, once a paper (or a book) is formally published, it has become established knowledge while your present study before its publication is not regarded as accepted knowledge.” ( Wen Q
5、ioufang, 2001:341),Thus, you should use the present tense to report or quote others published publications so as to show your respect for them and employ the past tense to present your own study.,Examples,RST proposed in 1982 by Z. Pawlak, has now become a hot spot in the fields of knowledge discove
6、ry, decision analysis, artificial intelligence and intelligent control . (2) Nunan (1989) defences the task-based approach as “any classroom work which involves learners in comprehending (3) The teacher conducted the classroom activities through deliberate tasks in the experimental class-Class 024,8
7、.1.2 Tense used in describing literature,You should narrate events in literary works in the present tense to indicate that multiple experiences of reading serve to report the section. e.g. After his causal account of his previous sexual experience, Tess feels that Angels wrong doing is just the same
8、 as her own. (From Sample Paper ),When you describe the authors actions in creating a literary work, usually you can also employ the present tense. e.g. Andersen describes nature and characters psychology by using exquisite language (From Sample Paper 2, p.163),8.1.3 Tense used in discussing theory
9、or philosophy,You may use both the present tense and the past tense to have a discussion about works of theory and philosophy. If the present tense is used, the discussion indicates that a given work continues the same ideas.,Example(1),Reference 26 （Autogeneration of fuzzy rules and membership func
10、tions for fuzzy modeling using rough set theory by Y.Cho.K. Lee. M. Park) proposed concept of occupancy degree, by which membership functions are automatically defined and fuzzy rules are generated from given experimental data pairs without preliminary explicit linguistic information .(From Samples
11、Paper 7,p. 204),Example(2) On the contrary, they cooperate and help readers think over such a philosophic ideanothing good can stay, which means everything changes in the universe just as Mao Zedoing puts it in his On Contradiction.( From Sample Paper 10, p.228-229),8.1.4 Tense used in reporting res
12、earch results,When you report the results of research in your paper, you should use the past tense to describe the result of a particular experiment, but use the present tense to make generalizations and reach conclusions:,Example,The result of a experiment Under the control of saw tooth wave, the V
13、CO continuously generated linear scanning signals, which were transmitted through circulator and antenna. When the signals arried at the object surface, the reflected echo wave appeared, which was got by receiving antenna and then retransmitted into the mixer through the circulator. Conclusion LFMCW
14、 radar level gauge has been applied widely in the industry process. Note that the measure resolution and precision are affected by the nonlinear frequency modulation. One solution is proposed in this paper. Now the design task has been finished, and the debugging and testing of the circuit is gong o
15、n.,Results and analysis The data collected from both the pre-test and post-test were analyzed via SPSS for windows on computer. Finding can be made as follows: Task-based approach has exerted a positive influence on students reading performance. (From Sample Paper 4, pp.181-182),8.1.5. Tense used in
16、 writing a literary review,In a review of literature, you may use either the past tense or the present perfect tense to summarize your findings. E.g. She was portrayed by most critics as native, accepting figure with strong concerns about living up to prescribe social principles for a respectable wo
17、man.,E.g. Mark Jinkind has demonstrated that this novel has a so complicated content, and involves so many fields that cannot generalize it with one theme or one conclusion.,8.2 Verb Voice,Voice, in grammar, refers to the form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acte
18、d on. In English transitive verbs have two voices: active and passive. In the active voice the actor is the subject of the sentence, whereas in the passive voice, the object or the receiver of the action is the subject.,Active voice is a stronger, more vigorous construction than passive voice. Usual
19、ly, you should use active-voice sentence in your research paper. When you want to choose a sentence in passive voice, you should have a good reason. If you choose a passive verb without a good reason or if you use passive verbs too often you will find your writing lack force, even to the extent that
20、 you are suspected of escaping your duty or of being high above others and impersonal. E.g. (1) My raincoat got left at school. (2) The trespassing laws will be enforced.,And moreover, if you change a sentence from passive to active, you can not only get a stronger form of the verb but also remove w
21、ordiness in your paper, such as: Tess is endowed by Hardy with great vigor. Hardy endows Tess with great vigor.,The passive voice has its functions. It is appropriate in the following cases: (1) in scientific and technical papers (2) without concern for the doer (3) in need of a post-modifier (4) in
22、 avoidance of vague pronoun subject (5) for variety of writing,(1) In scientific and technical papers,The passive voice is used much more frequently in scientific and technical research papers. “Research shows that certain verbs commonly used in scientific writing customarily appear in the passive v
23、oice 51-100 percent of the time; among these are connect ,convert, attribute, activate, conduct, deduce, examine, measure, and record.” (Bander, 1978:54),Examples,Especially, the charge bump power is isolated from the chip work power, so it can be conveniently connected with different VCO just only
24、by using the passive filter, which overcomes the noise caused by active filter. The distance is measured by the information of frequency and phase of echo wave.,(2) Without concern for the doer,When the doer of the action is indifferent or cannot be easily stated, or it is so self-evident that you n
25、eed not mention it in your paper, then you should use the passive voice instead of the active one: E.g. During the 1800s, the time period in which Jane Eyre was written and the setting of the novel was provided, woman were stereotyped as being “submissive, dependent, beautiful, but ignorant”.,(3) In
26、 need of a post-modifier,When you want to place a noun next to a clause or an appositive that modifies it, you can use the passive voice so as to put the agent in the by-phrase and have the clause follow it” Examples Stationed with other girls like herself, under the watchful and unforgiving eye of
27、Rev. Brocklehurst, she is further made aware of all that she lacks. Since infancy, she has not only worn the label of orphan, but also that of lower-class: her mother had been disinherited from the family fortune upon marriage to her father, a poor clergyman.,(4) In avoidance of vague pronoun subjec
28、t,A useful function of the passive voice is “to permit the logical object to be omitted altogether”; especially when there is no appropriate optional agent or when you want to eliminate a vague pronoun subject. For example: Ego is produced in order to satisfy the societys requirements. If they educa
29、ted and retrained a human being, he would not commit crimes . and if a human being was properly educated and restrained, he would not commit crimes.,(5) For Variety of Writing,The passive voice can also help to add variety to writing. On a page full of active sentences, the passive voice can be used
30、 to create variety of sentence structures. Especially you can use the passive voice instead of the sentences being with the expletives “there” and “it”, either of which is particularly weak and ineffective.,8.3 Authorial Voice,Authorial voice, used in stylistics , is “a rather vague metaphorical ter
31、m by which some critics refer to distinctive features of a written work in terms of spoken utterance.” (Baldick, 1996/2000:239) It” indicates the point from which the paper is written.” (Teitelbaun, 2003:46) It is “the quality of prose that indicates the presence of a human speaker.” (Slade, 1997/20
32、00:78) It conveys your relationship or connection to the ideas you present.,General speaking, authorial voice is more clearly stated in creative writing than in academic writing. So youd better not make your own voice prominent in your research paper, but at the same time it is not necessary at all
33、for you to hide your presence.,Ways of authorial voice: (1) You do not need to use first-person pronouns to give your papers a voice. Most research paper should be written in the third person, that is, with nouns or third-person pronouns (he, she, they, or it) as subjects of the sentences.” (2) In v
34、ery formal papers the first person singular “I” is not generally used. In less formal papers, however, you may now and then make use of the first person plural, the editorial “we” to refer to people in general including yourself.,Examples,to refer to people in general including yourself; We call Jan
35、e heroine because she is brave for facing death, even she is great to let death give birth to love. to make a conclusion of the process of your research; From the analysis of the poems above, we know Frost often selects suitable materials from nature and then gives them a deep meaning. to refer to a
36、 group of researchers that includes you. Here we choose typical case to testify the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.,(3) You should not use impersonal labels in your paper such as “ the researcher”.“the writer” or “the author”, equivalent to Chinese “笔者”,“which tend to remove you entirely form
37、 your paper.”(Slade, 1997/2000:78) but when you want to express your acknowledgement to those who help or support you in your research, you may use them, such as: e.g. The author would like to thank Professor Y.Q.Guo and Professor H.J.Shyr for their guidance and help.,(4)Usually the second person pr
38、onouns (you, your) do not apply to a research paper because your reader will take for granted that you are addressing him or her. If you are a science student and your research paper concerns a natural-science subject, you may use imperative sentences (implied second person) to devise a mathematical
39、, physical or chemical formula or to call the readers attention to what you mention: e.g. Let A be a finite alphabet. Let A “be the free monoid generated by A and A= A”1,where 1 is the empty word. Note that the measure resolution and precision were affected by the nonlinear frequency modulation.,(5)
40、 Occasionally, in a thesis paper, you may use the second- person voice: e.g. But if you press him for a program, he will suggest installing a master-clock system. (6) Certainly, if you want to express your own opinion or argue against others ideas, you can use the first person singular “I” to state
41、your assertions: e.g. I propose to do a little exercise of this kind with a view to showing the kinds of changes which may occur translations of prose fiction.,8.4 Tone,Tone is a very vague critical term which usually shows the mood or atmosphere of a work. It refers to the authors attitude to the r
42、eader or to the subject-matter. 1. to the reader might be formal, intimate or pomposity; 2. to the subject might be ironic, light, solemn, satiric sentimental, humorous, bantering.,When you write your research paper, however, “your tone, or attitude toward your subject should be serious, not ironic
43、or flippant. Humorous, casual or conversational approaches are usually inappropriate for research papers.” (Slade, 1997/2000:78) On the other hand, your tone toward your reader should be candid and just.,Therefore, you must be particularly careful about your language, especially the diction in your
44、paper. When you choose some words you have to consider their gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, disability, and age. To avoid biased language, What you should do is only to make a minor change,Take gender for example. You can get rid of gender bias in the following two ways. Change a noun
45、and its pronoun from singular to plural: A teacher should know the ethics of her profession Teachers should know the ethics of their profession You can use “he or she” or “she or he” as the subject of your sentence, instead of “he” alone: If he is to succeed, a new teacher requires intelligent super
46、vision. If he or she is to succeed, a new teacher requires intelligent supervision If she or he is to succeed, a new teacher requires intelligent supervision.,Summary In this lesson we have learned some general points of a research paper. In particular you have known the tense in writing research paper, verb voice in writing research paper, authorial voice in writing research paper, and tone in writing research paper,