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1、螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀
2、羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄
3、袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿
4、肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃
5、羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀
6、螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄
7、羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈
8、袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃
9、肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇
10、袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁
11、螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅
12、羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂
13、袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇
14、肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁
15、袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅
16、螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿
17、羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄
18、蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁
19、肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿薇袂荿艿螂袈羆蒁薅螄羅薃袁肃羄芃蚃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃羁聿薄蚈袇肈芄薁螃肇莆螇肂肆蒈蕿羈肆薁螅袄膅芀薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆肅膂芅袁羁膁莇蚄袇膀葿袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁蒅羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅莈蒂肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莄蕿肀蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆
20、芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀
21、肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅
22、芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿
23、膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃
24、莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀
25、膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄
26、肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿
27、芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃
28、膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂衿膁蒅螄膄肇蒄袆羇
29、莆蒃薆膃节蒂蚈羅膈薂螀膁肄薁袃羄莂薀薂螆莈蕿螅羂芄薈袇袅膀薇薇肀肆薆虿袃莅薆螁聿芁蚅袄袁膇蚄薃肇肃蚃蚆袀蒁蚂袈膅莇蚁羀羈芃蚀蚀膃腿芇螂羆肅芆袄膂莄莅薄羅芀莄蚆膀膆莃蝿羃膂莃羁螆蒁莂蚁肁莇莁螃袄芃莀袅聿腿荿薅袂肅蒈蚇肈莃蒈螀袁艿蒇袂肆芅蒆蚂 摘 要经济高速在发展, 中国企业与国外企业在商务上的接触也变得越来越频繁。由于文化上的差异，中外双方在商务活动中都有着各自的不同风格。在对外商务谈判中，合适的商务礼仪往往能拉近双方的距离，创建良好的合作氛围。本文从非语言的角度出发，对中外文化差异影响下的商务礼仪进行阐述，旨在帮助人们认识中外商务礼仪差异中的不同表现，以及分析如何能减少由于礼仪上的冲突而导致的
30、合作失败，从而让双方能更少障碍的进行交流，达成更为满意的商务合作。关键词：非语言; 商务礼仪; 文化差异AbstractWith the high speed of economic development, Communication between Chinese and foreign enterprises is becoming more frequent. As the cultural differences, both parties have different styles in the business operations. In the business negoti
31、ation, appropriate business etiquette can bring two parties closer, and establish a good cooperation. From the angle of nonverbal, this paper overviews the business etiquette influenced by Chinese and foreign cultural differences, the aim is to help people realize the different representation of suc
32、h cultural differences and analyze how to reduce the cooperation failure caused by etiquette conflict so as to make both parties communicate with less obstacles and establish a satisfied cooperation.Key words: nonverbal; business etiquette; cultural differencesThe Influence of Cultural Differences b
33、etween Chinese and Foreign Business Etiquette in Nonverbal WayI. IntroductionAfter the entry to the World Trade Organization, overseas enterprises have come to China for commercial activities. Thats to say, the opportunities for Chinese negotiators to meet with foreign business partners have increas
34、ed dramatically. As the business begins with negotiations, the more deals can be made during the process, the more opportunities we will have to enter the international market successfully.Now heres the point, since we barely know the companys operation and trade likes, what we do can be helpful in
35、the negotiations? I think besides the language, the negotiations method, business etiquette is also an essential part of the negotiation as it reveals different culture backgrounds. The cultural differences between China and foreign countries are certainly reflected in the economic operation of inte
36、rnational business, even leading to commercial conflicts. Culture refers to the entire way of life of society(邓，1989：3). People from different cultures use different negotiating styles and approaches and have a different set of protocols. However, its easy to understand they also have different busi
37、ness etiquette. According to gaining some knowledge about culture differences, one can develop a proper negotiating plan that will minimize the potential of misunderstanding and conflict. Thats to say, after learning etiquettes can possibly effect the negotiations, you may take culture sensitive int
38、o consideration in order to enhance the chances of reaching an agreement and building a solid business relationship.II. Business etiquette in nonverbal wayNonverbal behavior is that people use their facial expressions, gestures, movements, body position changes in emotional expression and transmissi
39、on of ideas approach. It was once claimed that up to 65% of a messages meaning is communicated through nonverbal clues(李，2007:109). Nonverbal behavior is described as a skill that is useful to the business person. However, the business etiquette core effect is to respect mutuality between person and
40、 person. The paper is trying to analyze the business etiquette in nonverbal between china and foreign countries to guide people in the right way.2.1 The necessity for studying this topicSince there are a lot of differences in the business etiquette between china and foreign countries, the mistakes a
41、nd the jokes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual.Here is the story: Chinese businessmen invite Nepaleses businessmen to have dinner in hotel and discuss business. Everything is going pretty good. But after one dish with little pork in it and one of the Nepaleses businessmen discover it. They j
42、ust get out of the dinner table angrily. This behavior makes all the Chinese businessmen confuse. And the business is end up with failure. The fact is that the common Nepalese like pigs while the Chinese businessmen didnt realize this. The joke is due to the lack of foreign etiquette knowledge and a
43、lso shows that the knowing of differences of the etiquettes from all over the world is absolutely necessary. To the Chinese businessmen, to understand each others customs will be conductive to the exchanges between the different countries. A person who understands others rituals and customs can be s
44、een as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side. However, in real life, the impact on etiquette due to cultural differences between china and the west still exists. So the study of the differences between foreign etiquette and the Chinese etiquette is very
45、valuable and reasonable.2.2 The influence of cultural differences on business etiquette in nonverbal way between China and foreign countriesGenerally speaking, the differences on business etiquette between china and foreign countries in nonverbal way could be observed by several cultural factors, su
46、ch as view of space, view of time, view of dress and body language.2.2.1 SpaceSpace, is the physical distance between people when they are interacting. It is deeply influenced by culture. When having a business conversation, the distance between people changes dramatically from one culture to anothe
47、r.For instance, there are four zones when U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. The intimate zone, less than 0.46 meters, is reserved for a close friend, and it appears briefly when the business colleagues shake hands. The personal zone, fr
48、om 0.46 meters to 1.2 meters, is used for giving instructions to someone in an office. The social zone, from 1.2 to 3.6 meters, is used for formal business meeting, the public distance, over 3.6 meters, is the most formal zone.(奥, 1999: 52)Americans tend to need more space than Chinese. When having
49、a conversation with Chinese, Americans often back away from the Chinese partner who is standing too close. Standing too close to someone in the United States may leave a bad impression on the others, as it implies the person is upset, over-bearing, or he is making sexual advances. These negative positions should be avoided in the United States. In China, people prefer to stand close to each other and they think is normal and friendly way to communication with each othe