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1、毕业设计（论文）说明书课题名称： 自动往返电动小汽车 一、课题需要完成的任务：1.可行性方案分析及方案论述2.硬件的框图及电路设计3.软件的框图及软件编程设计4.传感器、显示器件、各主要器件、单元电路等的选用方案，性能分析及功能介绍。5.硬件电路的电路图、印制板6.软件的程序清单7.毕业设计小结课题计划：3.07-3.14 熟悉课题，可行性方案分析及方案论述3.15-3.18 初步方案设计，设计最佳方案3.19-4.10 设计电路，画原理图，印刷线路板图，编制程序验证部分硬件，学习使用专用软件编程4.11-4.20 实际调试，写毕业论文4.11-4.20 修改、完善毕业论文，并做答辩准备计划答
2、辩时间：4.21-4.29英文翻译 Automatic Transfer SwitchesAutomatic Transfer Switches are an integral part of the power generation process, allowing smooth and immediate transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and the load. When the generator is operating, the transfer switch prevents dangerous f
3、eedback of current to the utilitys system. It also ensures that different power sources are fully synchronized before their power is combined or loads are transferred, which is imperative for safe operation. The transfer switch senses when utility power is interrupted, and starts up the generator if
4、 the utility power remains absent. In about five to ten seconds, when the generator is producing full power, the transfer switch disconnects the load from the utility and connects it to the generator, restoring electricity to the load. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when
5、 it is restored, switches the load from the generator back to the utility. Once the generator is disconnected, it goes through a cool-down routine and is automatically shut down.Generac manufactures several types of transfer switches. Each kind operates in a different way, depending upon the require
6、ments of the overall system, and how the load is transferred between the different power sources. Transfer switch types include open transition, momentary closed transition, soft load closed transition, and bypass isolation.Generacs automatic transfer switches are designed to be simple to monitor, o
7、perate and maintain. All controls needed for daily use are conveniently located on the front door, where bright lamps indicate the switch position. All components are front adjustable and front removable for optimum serviceability. As an extra measure of safety and quality, Generacs transfer switche
8、s are UL Listed by Underwriters Laboratories for use in emergency power systems. They are also CSA certified by the Canadian Standards Association. Generacs expertise in the design and manufacture of automatic transfer switches (ATS) is considerable. The company has produced its own fully instrument
9、ed 100 to 2600 amp switches since 1983.Open transition transfer switches are the simplest kind, and are mechanically interlocked. They disconnect the load from one power source before making the connection to the other. Generacs closed transition transfer switches (CTTS) eliminate momentary power in
10、terruption when both sources are present and synchronized, by transferring the loads with an overlapping contact arrangement. The momentary closed transition switch transfers the power within one hundred milliseconds, which does not require utility protective relaying. The soft load closed transitio
11、n switch extends the overlap time to multiple seconds, for a smoother transition of load to the generator. These switches are available in 100 to 2600 amp configurations. There are many critical systems where interruption of power is not permitted, such as data transmission and hospital care. For th
12、ose requirements, Generac offers its bypass isolation switch (BIS), which is designed to meet the National Electrical Codes requirements for the inspection and/or maintenance of the automatic transfer switch without the need to interrupt or cut power.Generac transfer switches are carefully construct
13、ed and tested to assure superior performance. By combining them with Generacs own generators, Generac is able to offer a complete power generation package。TRANSFER SWITCHES / EXPRESS INSTALL KITThe best power generation equipment deserves the finest automatic transfer switches, and that is why we ma
14、nufacture our own. Each one is an integral part of our power systems, designed to match perfectly with our Generac generator. This device allows for a smooth transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and loads, automatically. The transfer switch senses the loss of utility power and aut
15、omatically starts up the generator, then transfers the load to it. When the power is restored, it switches the load back to the utility and shuts down the generator.For residential and light commercial applications, Generac offers standard UL Listed, remote-mounted 100 or 200 amp switches. On our ai
16、r-cooled models, we also offer our exclusive automatic transfer switch with a pre-wired built-in load center. This allows for up to 12 separate circuits to be easily connected to the main distribution panel. The transfer switch includes an Express Install Kit with pre-wired conduit for simpler insta
17、llation and connection to the generator and main distribution panel. Benefits of this kit are: Saves on installation time and costs many cases up to 50% over traditional transfer switch installations. Easy isolation of critical zones and appliances imply match circuits from the main distribution pan
18、el to the circuits in the load center. No need to install a sub-panel for critical circuits. The Express Install Kit, for automatic transfer switches with the built-in load center, includes the following: Outdoor-rated connection box with a pre-wired 5 ft. seal-tight conduit designed to be mounted o
19、n an external wall and connected to the generator. 30 ft. pre-wired conduit to connect the transfer switch to the home connection box. 2 ft. pre-wired conduit to connect the transfer switch to the main distribution panel.HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS The completely automatic Generac transfer switch monitors
20、incoming voltage from the utility line ?around the clock. When utility power is interrupted, the automatic transfer switch immediately senses the problem and signals the generator to start. Once the generator is running at proper speed, the automatic transfer switch safely closes off the utility lin
21、e and simultaneously opens a new power line from the generator. Within seconds, your Generac generator system begins supplying electricity to the critical emergency circuits of your home or business. The transfer switch continues to monitor the utility line conditions. When the automatic transfer sw
22、itch senses the utility line voltage has returned at a steady state, it re-transfers the electrical load back to the utility line and resumes monitoring for subsequent utility loss. The generator will continue to run for an engine cool-down period of several minutes while the entire system stands re
23、ady for the next power outage.Features and Benefits UL 1008 listed and CSA certified Product safety features are recognized by industry organizations 7-day Exerciser Clock Starts and tests the generator every week, insuring reliable performance when needed In-phase Monitor - Provides instantaneous t
24、ransfer between two live voltage sources Utility Voltage Sensor Monitors utility voltage to determine when retransfer of load can occur Line Failure Sensing Circuitry monitors all phases of the utility service with dropout and pickup points Utility Interrupt Delay Adjustable timer overrides momentar
25、y line failure Engine Warm-up Timer Adjustable timer allows engine to operate at no load before the transfer switch transfer the load to the generator set Engine Warm-up Bypass A switch allows the transfer switch to transfer the load to the generator as soon as the preset voltage and frequency level
26、s are reached Minimum Run Timer Determines the shortest period of time the generator will run and ensures adequate exercise periods Return to Utility Delay Adjustable timer keeps the load on the generator set until a stable utility line is present Engine Cool-down Timer Adjustable timer allows the e
27、ngine to run at no load after the transfer switch transfers the load back to the utility line Frequency and Voltage Set Sets the minimum frequency and voltage required before the transfer switch will be allowed to transfer the load to the generator set. Optional Equipment Logic System Control - Full
28、y adjustable timer settings. LED indication for system status and simple field service NEMA Enclosures - NEMA 3R, NEMA 4, NEMA 4X and NEMA 12 Quick Change, Multi-Voltage Panel - Multiple phase / voltage configurations with a single switch. Available on switches up to 400 amps Auxiliary Contacts - On
29、e SPDT is standard. Additional sets are available Programmable Exerciser - Permits selection of days of the week and time of day. isible digital chronograph used to select times. Allows exercising from one to seven days a week Exterior Meter Package - Enables user to monitor the system parameters wi
30、th the door closed Fourth Pole - Fourth pole for switching the neutral conductor Preferred Source Selector Switch - Ability to select which power supply will be considered the normal source Manual Selector Switch - 3 positions: normal, automatic and standby Manual Return to Normal (electrically oper
31、ated) - Ability to select when the switch will transfer back to normal Remote Automatic Control Circuit - Ability to start the generator and transfer the load to emergency from a remote location Signal before Transfer Contacts - Adjustable from 0.1 10 seconds. Signals to special loads prior to trans
32、fer. Often used to prevent elevators from stopping between floors Generator Mounted Transfer Switch - Transfer switch may be mounted on the genset for both indoor and outdoor application ModelAutomatic Transfer Switches, 100-400 Amps, 600 VAC W SeriesAutomatic Transfer Switches 100-400 Amps, 600 VAC
33、 WN Series with Load Shed CapabilityAutomatic Transfer Switches, 600-1000 Amps, 600 VACAutomatic Transfer Switches, 1200-2600 Amps, 600 VACBypass Isolation Transfer Switch, 400 Amps, 600 VAC “BIS” SeriesClosed Transition Transfer Switch (CTTS), 100-400 Amps, 600 VACClosed Transition Transfer Switch
34、(CTTS) 600-2600 Amps, 600 VAC双电源自动切换开关双电源自动切换开关是进行能源转换处理的组成部分，它允许在多个电源和负荷之间的电流的顺利和瞬时转移。当发电机处在运行过程中的时候，双电源转换开关便防止电流给这个实用系统的危险反馈。在它们的电源被接合或是被切换之前，双电源自动转换开关也保证了不同来源的电源完全地同步性，这用于安全操作是紧急的也是很有保证的。当双电源切换开关的常用电源发生故障（断相，失压，欠压等）时，转换开关就会感应动作，切换至备用电源，即立即启动备用发电机。由于发电机从启动爬升到额定电压值，有一个过程，在大约5秒 到10 秒的时间内， 当发电机产生全部的动
35、力时，即达到额定电压值时，检测系统从备用电源端取得信号， 转换开关的机械部分则迅速将常用电源断开，而使备用电源合闸，完成从常用电源到发电机供电的过程。与此同时，双电源切换开关仍继续自动监测常用电源系统，当常用电源恢复到正常状态时，转换开关又自动切换备用电源到常用电源，即实现了整个系统的自复功能。一旦发电机供电系统被切断时，发电机便会经过降速直到自动停止转动。Generac生产多种类型的双电源自动转换开关。由Generac生产的众多类型的切换开关中，每种类型均以不同的方式操作，如适应不同整体系统的要求，以及负荷怎样被在不同的电源之间转换。双电源自动转换开关类型包括断开过渡，瞬间关闭的过渡，关闭过
36、渡和隔离支路软负载。Generac的双电源自动切换开关被设计成用于简单的监控，操作，并且保持。它供日常使用所需要的全部控制都方便地位于开关柜的前门，在那里用显示灯指示转换开关位置。全部组成部分都是前面可调整和前面可移动为最佳serviceability。 作为一项安全和质量额外的衡量，Generac的双电源自动切换开关是用于紧急 电源系统被承保实验室列举使用的UL。它们亦是加拿大标准协会证明认可的CSA。Generac的双电源自动切换开关(简称ATS)在设计和制造方面的专业技能是相当多的。Generac公司自1983年以来生产了它自己完全用仪器装备规格100 安培到2600安培的切换开关。以下
37、是分别对Generac公司生产的多种类型的切换开关的介绍：开环切换开关简称OTTS。Generac公司的开环切换开关是最为简单的一种，且属于机械式内锁。此类开关一族在接通另一路负载电源之前，可自动地切断另一路负载电源，较高质量完成自动切换开关的机械转换位置精确度和机械互锁性要求。闭环切换开关简称CTTS。当两路电源正在工作，并且处在同步时，Generac闭环切换开关可以消除由于切换开关切换电路负载时，频繁接触而引起的瞬间的电源干扰。这种短暂的闭环式转换开关可在100us的时间内切换好电源，并且完成该动作不需要设置常用的辅助性保护继电器。闭环切换软开关简称SLCTS。该类开关可延长重复时间数十秒
38、，以顺利切换负载电路由常用电源至备用电源，即发电机供电。该类开关族都是在100安培到2600安培规格的配置。在日常生产和生活中，有很多重要的设备或部门如重要数据转换、医院手术室等，其供电被中断是禁止的，它们的用电是要力求保证持续而且十分安全可靠。Generac公司为满足上述要求，针对上述提出的要求提供了它们自己设计开发地旁路独立开关简称BIS，且这种开关的设计符合国际电工规定亦简称NEC的要求，即自动切换开关可自动检测和或维护，且不需要切断电源。Generac自动切换开关族通过严格构造和检测来确保高质量，高可靠性，高稳定性动作。 如果将此种类型的开关配置上Generac自己设计生产的发电机系列
39、，Generac公司完全能够提供一个完整的发电整批交易。转换开关/快速安装工具最好的发电设备应有最好的自动切换开关， 并且那是Generac生产它们自己的发电机的原因。 每一个都是该转换开关的动力系统的组成部分，用于与Generac 发电机完美地相配合。该设备可以自动地一次在多路电源和负载之间的电流的顺利的转换。 转换开关自动检测常用电源的故障并且自动切换接至备用电源发动发电机， 然后转移负荷到备用电源相端。 当常用电源恢复正常时，它又自动将负荷接通返回常用电源并且关闭发电机。对居民和轻工业应用来说，Generac 提供居民和轻工行业列举的标准UL，规格100至200安培开关。 对于空气冷却模
40、，Generac也提供Generac专用自动切换开关具有的预电报告。它允许多达12个独立电路连接至主电路板上。 该类型转换开关包括快速安装与预电报告线路以便简单安装和连接给发电机和主电路板的工具。这套工具的好处是： 节省安装时间，一般仅花费传统转换开关安装的50%左右。 从主电路板到负载中心电路，关键区域和关键设施的完全隔离配备相匹配电路，不需要另外再给关键的电路安装一个辅助电路板；快速安装工具，因为自动切换用内部负荷中心改变，包括如下内容：连接5ft预电报告线路的户外关连柜，紧密约束线路设计安置在外围上与电动机相连。30ft预电报告线路连接转换开关至室内连接柜。2ft预电报告线路连接转换开关
41、至主电路板上。系统工作概况完全自动Generac转换开关随时监控常用电源输入线路电压数值。当常用电源出现故障时，自动切换开关立即检测到问题并发出信号立即启动发电机。一旦发电机启动爬升到额定电压时，即适当的速度运转， 自动切换开关安全关掉常用电路线路，并且同时从发电机那里打开新电源线。在数秒内， Generac 发电机系统开始把电提供到你家或者用户商的重要用电的紧急线路上。 转移开关继续监控常用电源线路的情况。当自动切换开关检测到常用电源线路电压数值回复到稳定状态值时，它自动切换电路负载接回至常用电源供电，并继续检测常用电源以后可能会出现的故障。发电机将在引擎停转的几分钟时间内仍继续运转，同时整
42、个系统将等待下一次的系统中断。下图是系统示意图。特征和作用1 归列于表的UL 1008 和被证明了的CSA - 工业组织承认产品安全特征 2. 7天锻炼者时钟 - 当被需要时，每周开始并且测试发电机，给以性能可 靠的动作3. 同相监视器-在两路自动投入正常电压数的电源之间给以瞬间的转换 4. 常用电压传感器 - 监视常用电压，获取常用电压参数并进行处理以确定 负载电路自复什么时候会发生 5. 线路故障监测- 电路学监控公用事业与退学者和拾音器问题一起的全部阶段 6. 常用电源中断延迟 - 可调整的定时器延续瞬间的线路中断 7. 发动机预热定时器-在转换开关切换负载到发电机组之前，可调整定时器允
43、许发动机运行在空负荷状态下8. 发动机预热旁路-开关允许转换开关切换负载电路接至备用电源即发电机，预调整的电压数值以及标准频率一被达到 9. 最小量运转定时器 - 确定发电机将会运转的最短的时期并且保证足够的锻炼时期 10. 返回常用电源中断- 可调整定时器可以保持负载电路接至发电机组上，直到正常的稳定可靠的常用电源得以恢复时11. 发动机冷却定时器-当转换开关切换负载返回到常用电源线路后，可调整定时器允许发电机运行在空负荷状态下12. 频率和电压降 -在转换开关将被允许切换负载至发电机组前，根据要求确定最低频率和最小电压值。附加设备 逻辑系统控制 完全可调整的定时器底座。系统状况和简单领域服
44、务的LED指示说明 NEMA 附件 NEMA 3 R，NEMA 4，NEMA 4X 和NEMA 12 迅速转换，多相电压板-有一个单个的开关的多相/ 电压构造。可配置到400安培规格的开关 辅助接触 SPDT是标准。 另外的设备是可提供的 可编程序的锻炼者 允许一周的天和一天的时间的选择。数字化的计时器过去常常选择时段。允许从1 到7 天锻炼一周 外部米制组件 能使用户监测封闭的系统参数 四脚撑杆 四脚撑杆开关半导体 多路电源选择开关 选择哪路电源将被认为为正常电源的性能 手动选择开关3个位置：正常，自动和备用 手工返回正常(电动操作) 选择什么时候开关将切换至常用电源的性能 远程自动控制回路
45、 远距离操作启动发电机并且切换负载来应付紧急情况的性能 转换接触信号-可调整范围从0.1到-10秒。 在转存之前的特别的负荷的信号过去常常防止升降机在楼层之间停止 配装有发电机的转换开关 转换开关可以安装配置在开关柜上供在室外或室内使用几种类型介绍类型自动切换开关，100400 安培，600 VACW系列自动切换开关100400 安培，600 VACWN系列与负荷能力自动切换开关，6001000 安培，600 VAC自动切换开关，12002600 安培，600 VAC支路隔离转换开关，400 安培，600 VACBIS系列接通的过渡转换开关(CTTS)，100400 安培，600 VAC接通的
46、过渡转换开关(CTTS)，6002600 安培，600 VAC毕业实践调研报告毕业设计中，以自动往返电动小汽车来作为研究对象，对它进行硬件、软件方面的设计，再进行各部分的功能分析和应用分析。在该设计中，我们用到自动检测与传感器技术、单片机原理及应用、单片机接口技术、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术方面的知识。把我们大学三年的学习专业知识基本上用上了。自动检测与传感器技术。在人类的各项生产活动和科学实验中，为了了解和掌握整个过程的进展及其最后结果，经常需要对各种基本参数或物理量进行检查和测量，从而获得必要的信息，并以之作为分析判断和决策的依据。检测技术和传感器是人们为了对被测对象所包含的信息进行定性的
47、了解和定量的掌握所采取 的一系列技术措施。随着人类社会进入信息时代，以信息的获取转换、显示和处理为主要内容的检测技术已经发展成为一门完整的技术学科，在促进生产发展和科学进步的广阔领域内发挥着重要作用。应用如下：检测技术是产品检验和质量控制的重要手段；检测技术在大型设备安全经济运行监测中得到广泛应用；检测技术和装置是自动化系统中不可缺少的组成部分；检测技术的完善和发展推动着现代科学技术的进步；另一方面看，现代化生产和科学技术的发展也不断地对检测技术提出新的要求。它是由传感器、测量电路、显示记录装置组成。我们这里用到的光电传感器是用发光二极管作为光源、光敏三极管作为基本电路的组成。它具有光谱特性、伏安特性、光电特性、温度特性、频率特性，使用它更能传递信息。它用到了单片机的编程知识和基本的硬件组成部分及功能。应用微型计算机能对生产过程的各种参数进行检测，例如温度、压力、流量、液位、角度、长度、电流、频率、功率等，当测量值超过一定范围时